Solid-state synthesis of homoleptic complex with 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline for dye-sensitized solar cell application

In this work, the homoleptic copper(I) complex bis(2,9-dimethyl(CH3)-4,7-diphenyl(C6H5)-1,10- phenanthroline)copper(I) hexafluorophosphate(PF6) was successfully made using a mechanochemical approach. This method offers an efficient and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional solution-based methods. The synthesis occurred under solvent-free conditions, using mechanical grinding to promote the coordination reaction between the copper precursor and the bulky phenanthroline-based ligand. This approach is particularly beneficial due to the high reactivity and air sensitivity of copper(I) complexes, which can oxidize or lose ligands when handled in organic solvents. Comparative studies in different organic media showed that traditional solution-based synthesis often faces stability problems, such as partial breakdown or the creation of by-products. These issues affect the purity and yield of the desired complex. In contrast, the solid-state mechanochemical route reduced these risks. It also provided a faster, simpler, and more sustainable process. The resulting complex was fully characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy, which confirmed the expected metal-to-ligand (ML) charge transfer (CT) transitions common in diimine copper(I) structures. Fourier transform (FT) infrared spectroscopy verified the coordination environment and the presence of the hexafluorophosphate counterion. Overall, the mechanochemical method proved to be better than traditional synthesis in nonaqueous solutions, showing its potential as a robust and scalable way to prepare labile coordination compounds

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