Preprint

Relativistic outflows power a quasi-periodic eruption: constraints on energetics, mass loss, and emission mechanisms

Joheen ChakrabortyErin KaraWenbin LuDepartment of Astronomy & Theoretical Astrophysics Center , University of California , Berkeley , CA 94720 , USABrian D. MetzgerPeter KosecCenter for Astrophysics - Harvard & Smithsonian , Cambridge , MA , USAR. ArcodiaBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University , 20 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USAItai LinialCenter for Cosmology and Particle Physics , Physics Department , New York University , New York , NY 10003 , USAOlivia AspegrenDepartment of Astronomy & Theoretical Astrophysics Center , University of California , Berkeley , CA 94720 , USAEhud BeharDepartment of Physics , Technion , Haifa 32000 , IsraelSudip BhattacharyyaDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics , Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , 1 Homi Bhabha Road , Colaba , Mumbai 400005 , IndiaMargherita GiustiniL. Hernández-GarcíaDaniel KasenGiovanni MiniuttiCentro de Astrobiología (CAB) , CSIC-INTA , Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n , 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada , Madrid , SpainFrits PaerelsDepartment of Physics and Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory , Columbia University , New York , NY 10027 , USAErwan QuintinEuropean Space Agency (ESA) , European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC) , Camino Bajo del Castillo s/n , 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada , Madrid , SpainClaudio RicciDepartment of Astronomy , University of Geneva , ch. d'Ecogia 16 , 1290 , Versoix , SwitzerlandDaniele RogantiniDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics , University of Chicago , 5640 S Ellis Avenue , Chicago , IL 60637 , USAPaula Sánchez-SáezEuropean Southern Observatory , Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2 , 85748 Garching bei München , GermanyFatima ZaidouniDepartment of Physics & Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA 02139 , USA

2026

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ABI

Annotatsiya

Quasi-periodic eruptions (QPEs) are recurring bursts of X-ray radiation originating from supermassive black holes (SMBHs). They are an unprecedented type of structured, high-amplitude SMBH variability, but the physical origins of their regularity, timescales, energetics, and emission are uncertain. We present new XMM-Newton observations of the QPEs in ZTF19acnskyy/``Ansky'', constituting the deepest observations of individual bursts in any source thus far. The X-ray spectra reveal time-evolving P Cygni profiles comprising blueshifted absorption and redshifted emission from L-shell transitions of Fe XIX-XXIV, with column densities $N_H\sim 10^{22-23}$ cm$^{-2}$ and bulk velocities of $|v_w/c|\sim 0.2$, indicating relativistic mass ejections during each eruption. We construct a time-dependent analytical model of a wind turning on to self-consistently compute its evolving luminosity and ionization properties, and find that the light curve and spectral lines can be simultaneously produced by a wide-angle outflow with $\dot{M}\sim 10^{-9}-10^{-8}\,M_\odot$ s$^{-1}$ kinetically powering the X-rays with an efficiency of $L_X/\dot{E}_K\sim 0.1$. Each eruption ejects $\sim 10^{-3}\,M_\odot$ and $\gtrsim 10^{49}$ erg of kinetic energy, setting an upper bound on the QPE lifetime of $\lesssim30$ years if the underlying mass reservoir is $\sim1 M_\odot$, and implying that the bursts may result in detectable multiwavelength signatures of reverberation and feedback. These measurements provide new quantitative constraints on QPE energetics, emission mechanisms, and the mass/energy they recycle into their circumnuclear environments, as well as an observational probe for direct comparison with physical models and hydrodynamical simulations of QPEs.

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