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TOI-3686: A Hot Jupiter and Sub-Neptune In A 2:1 Mean-Motion Resonance

Samuel W. YeeDepartment of Physics & Astronomy , University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA 90095 , USATarisai DziireNew York University Shanghai , 567 West Yangsi Rd , Pudong , Shanghai , 200124 , ChinaKaren A. CollinsCenter for Astrophysics |Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USALuke G. BoumaMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyEvan B. BauerDepartment of Physics , Harvey Mudd College , 301 Platt Boulevard , Claremont , CA 91711 , USAErik A. PetiguraDepartment of Physics & Astronomy , University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles , CA 90095 , USAAllyson BierylaCenter for Astrophysics |Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USADavid W. LathamCenter for Astrophysics |Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USASamuel N. QuinnCenter for Astrophysics |Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USAJoshua N. WinnDepartment of Astrophysical Sciences , Princeton University , 4 Ivy Lane , Princeton , NJ 08544 , USAJ. D. HartmanDepartment of Astrophysical Sciences , Princeton University , 4 Ivy Lane , Princeton , NJ 08544 , USABoris S. SafonovSternberg Astronomical Institute , M.V . Lomonosov Moscow State University , 13 , Universitetskij pr. , 119234 , Moscow , RussiaRaquel Forés-ToribioCenter for Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics , The Ohio State University , 191 W. Woodruff Avenue , Columbus , OH 43210 , USAJ. A. MuñozDepartamento de Astronomía y Astrofísica , Universidad de Valencia , E-46100 Burjassot , Valencia , SpainKhalid BarkaouiRichard P. SchwarzCenter for Astrophysics |Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USAFrancis P. WilkinDepartment of Physics and Astronomy , Union College , 807 Union St. , Schenectady , NY 12308 , USAPaul BenniKrzysztof BernackiSilesian University of Technology , Department of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Microelectronics , Akademicka 16 , 44-100 GLiwice , PolandNikita ChazovKourovka observatory , Ural Federal University , 19 Mira street , Yekaterinburg , RussiaEric G. HintzBrigham Young University , N486 ESC , Provo , UT , 84602 , USAGlauk HizmoDepartment of Physics and Astronomy , Union College , 807 Union St. , Schenectady , NY 12308 , USAGeorge IwaszekAmerican Association of Variable Star Observers , 49 Bay State Road , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USAAdam PopowiczSilesian University of Technology , Department of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Microelectronics , Akademicka 16 , 44-100 GLiwice , PolandManfred RaetzBundesdeutsche Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Veränderliche Sterne e.V. (BAV) , Munsterdamm 90 , 12169 Berlin , GermanyMiquel Serra-RicartGregor SrdočAcademy of Sciences , Tashkent , UzbekistanDenise C. StephensBrigham Young University , N486 ESC , Provo , UT , 84602 , USAJoseph WilliamsBrigham Young University , N486 ESC , Provo , UT , 84602 , USAV. BozzaDipartimento di Fisica "E.R. Caianiello" , Università di Salerno , Via Giovanni Paolo II 132 , 84084 Fisciano , ItalyOtabek BurkhonovUlugh Beg Astronomical Institute , UzbekistanR. DymockBritish Astronomical Association , PO Box 702 , Tonbridge , TN9 9TX , United KingdomSalokhiddin Sh. ErgashevSamarkand State University named after Sh. Rashidov , University bulvar 15. , Samarkand , UzbekistanKaren FischerCristilyn N. Gardner-WatkinsCenter for Astrophysics |Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USAFerran Grau HortaAdam LarkKatherine LinnenkohlAcademy of Sciences , Tashkent , UzbekistanKen MasonAmerican Association of Variable Star Observers , 49 Bay State Road , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USAE. J. MichaelsAcademy of Sciences , Tashkent , UzbekistanOwen A. J. MitchemAcademy of Sciences , Tashkent , UzbekistanSeth PritchardAcademy of Sciences , Tashkent , UzbekistanLauren A. SgroSETI Institute , Carl Sagan Center , 339 N. Bernardo Avenue , Suite 200 , Mountain View , CA , USAN. ThomasDepartment of Astronautics , United States Air Force Academy , CO 80840 , USAS. VanaverbekePieter VuylstekeKU Leuven , Department of Physics and Astronomy , Institute of Astronomy , Celestijnenlaan 200d -box 2401 , 3001 Leuven , BelgiumJeroen AudenaertK. HorneSUPA Physics and Astronomy , University of St. Andrews , Fife , KY16 9SS Scotland , UKF. MurgasInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) , E-38205 La Laguna , Tenerife , SpainEmma NabbieCenter for Astrophysics |Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street , Cambridge , MA 02138 , USAΕ. ΠάλληInstituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) , E-38205 La Laguna , Tenerife , SpainRamotholo SefakoSouth African Astronomical Observatory , P.O. Box 9 , Observatory , Cape Town 7935 , South AfricaAvi Shporer

2026

Ochiq kirishYashil

ABI

Annotatsiya

Hot Jupiters are typically thought to be "lonely", but a small and growing subset of them have been found to have nearby planets in the same system. We present the discovery of a new member of this class of systems, TOI-3686. TOI-3686 c is a hot Jupiter with $P_\mathrm{orb} = 5.078$ days detected by NASA's TESS mission that shows peak-to-peak transit timing variations (TTVs) of 40 minutes, amongst the largest ever observed for a hot Jupiter. A subsequent search of the TESS data revealed the transits of a second planet, TOI-3686 b, a sub-Neptune with $P_\mathrm{orb} = 2.54$~days and peak-to-peak TTVs of 10 hours, $\sim 16\%$ of its orbital period. We characterized the system through photodynamical modeling of photometry from TESS and ground-based facilities, as well as radial velocity measurements from the NEID and MAROON-X spectrographs. We find that the two planets in the TOI-3686 system are deep in a 2:1 mean-motion resonance, making this the only hot Jupiter system currently known to be in a truly resonant configuration, which may be related to its $\lesssim1$~Gyr system age. Systems like TOI-3686 likely formed through a dynamically quiescent pathway and were captured into resonance after migration through a disk, and may represent the high-mass end of processes that occur in compact systems of smaller planets.

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DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2610.28533

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