Improving the urban public transport system through the study of population transport mobility: the case of Jizzakh city

This paper presents a comprehensive engineering study of the urban public transport system of Jizzakh city, Uzbekistan, based on an experimental investigation of population transport mobility. Using a combination of GPS-monitoring (Geo Tracker application), on-board passenger counting, stop-level observation, and geographic information system (GIS) analysis in QGIS, the current state of the city's bus network was assessed. The study found that 14 of the city's 17 bus routes (82.4%) overlap along the central Sh. Rashidov Avenue, reducing the effective bus headway to only 42 seconds — a phenomenon termed the "headway paradox" — while 30 of 67 surrounding neighborhoods remain served at a coverage level of 0.3% or lower, giving an overall network coverage of just 26.2%, far below the 60–80% benchmark typical of developed cities. To resolve these interlinked problems, the internationally recognized hub-and-spoke model was applied to Jizzakh for the first time.

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