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Au/GQD hybrid interfaces: signal-transduction principles and evidence for metal-ion sensing

Asokan VasudevanFaculty of Business and Communications, INTI International University, Persiaran Perdana BBN Putra Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, MalaysiaQusay Abdulsattar MohammedCollege of Dentistry, University of Al Maarif, Al Anbar, 31001, IraqSeif Al BustanjiFaculty of Technical Education, Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, JordanVikram V. PatelB. RajalingamDepartment of CSE, School of Computing, Veltech Rangarajan Dr.Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Avadi, Chennai, IndiaHarvinder Singh SohalDepartment of Chemistry, University Institute of Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, IndiaI.B. SapaevHead of the Department «Physics and Chemistry», Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers National Research University, Tashkent, UzbekistanSuleiman Ibrahim MohammadResearch Follower, INTI International University, 71800 Negeri Sembilan, MalaysiaSahar BayatiniaYoung Researchers and Elite Club, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran

2026en

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. Their comparison reveals heterogeneous recognition mechanisms and incomplete analytical benchmarking rather than a universally validated recognition pathway. A general hybrid advantage remains unestablished without matched component and alternative-material controls. Adjacent Au/GQD assays provide design hypotheses whose transfer requires target-specific binding and interference validation. Persistent limitations include unresolved signal origins, concentration-dependent matrix effects, inconsistent detection-limit reporting, and poorly standardized interface characterization. The resulting synthesis provides a structured basis for interpreting Au/GQD responses and identifying evidence needed to connect interfacial changes with reliable metal-ion detection.

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DOI: 10.1039/d6ra10016c

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