XRISM Constraints on Unidentified X-Ray Emission Lines, Including the 3.5 keV Line, in the Stacked Spectrum of 10 Galaxy Clusters
M. AudardDepartment of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix CH-1290, SwitzerlandHisamitsu AwakiDepartment of Physics, Ehime University, Ehime 790-8577, JapanRalf BallhausenNASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAAya BambaDepartment of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanEhud BeharDepartment of Physics, Technion, Technion City, Haifa 3200003, IsraelRozenn Boissay-MalaquinCenter for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD 21250, USALaura BrennemanCenter for Astrophysics—Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAG. V. BrownLawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USALía CorralesDepartment of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USAE. CostantiniSRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Leiden, The NetherlandsRenata CumbeeNASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAMaría Díaz TrigoESO, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, 85748, Garching bei Mn̈chen, GermanyChris DoneCentre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Department of Physics, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UKTadayasu DotaniInstitute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Kanagawa 252-5210, JapanKen EbisawaInstitute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Kanagawa 252-5210, JapanMegan E. EckartLawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USAD. EckertDepartment of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix CH-1290, SwitzerlandS. EguchiDepartment of Economics, Kumamoto Gakuen University, Kumamoto 862-8680, JapanTeruaki EnotoDepartment of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, JapanYuichiro EzoeDepartment of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, JapanAdam FosterCenter for Astrophysics—Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA 02138, USARyuichi FujimotoInstitute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Kanagawa 252-5210, JapanYutaka FujitaDepartment of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, JapanY. FukazawaDepartment of Physics, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8526, JapanKotaro FukushimaInstitute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Kanagawa 252-5210, JapanAkihiro FuruzawaDepartment of Physics, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470-1192, JapanLuigi GalloDepartment of Astronomy and Physics, Saint Mary's University, NS B3H 3C3, CanadaJavier A. GarcíaNASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USALiyi GuSRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Leiden, The NetherlandsM. GuainazziEuropean Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), 2200 AG Noordwijk, The NetherlandsKouichi HaginoDepartment of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, JapanKenji HamaguchiCenter for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD 21250, USAIsamu HatsukadeFaculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, JapanKatsuhiro HayashiInstitute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Kanagawa 252-5210, JapanTakayuki HayashiNASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USANatalie HellLawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USAEdmund Hodges‐KluckNASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAA. E. HornschemeierNASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAYuto IchinoheRIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama 351-0198, JapanDaiki IshiInstitute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Kanagawa 252-5210, JapanM. IshidaInstitute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Kanagawa 252-5210, JapanKumi IshikawaDepartment of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, JapanYoshitaka IshisakiDepartment of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, JapanJ. S. KaastraLeiden Observatory, University of Leiden, P.O. Box 9513, NL-2300 RA, Leiden, The NetherlandsT. R. KallmanNASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAErin KaraKavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA 02139, USASatoru KatsudaDepartment of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, JapanYoshiaki KanemaruInstitute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Kanagawa 252-5210, JapanRichard L. KelleyNASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USACaroline A. KilbourneNASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAShunji KitamotoDepartment of Physics, Rikkyo University, Tokyo 171-8501, JapanShōgo KobayashiFaculty of Physics, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 162-8601, JapanTakayoshi KohmuraFaculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-8510, JapanAya KubotaDepartment of Electronic Information Systems, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama 337-8570, JapanMaurice A. LeuteneggerNASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAMichael LoewensteinNASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAYoshitomo MaedaInstitute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Kanagawa 252-5210, JapanMaxim MarkevitchNASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAHironori MatsumotoDepartment of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, JapanKyoko MatsushitaFaculty of Physics, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 162-8601, JapanD. McCammonDepartment of Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USAB. R. McNamaraDepartment of Physics & Astronomy, Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, CanadaFrançois MernierIRAP, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNES, UT3-UPS, Toulouse, FranceEric D. MillerKavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MA 02139, USAJ. M. MïllerDepartment of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USAIkuyuki MitsuishiDepartment of Physics, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8602, JapanMisaki MizumotoScience Research Education Unit, University of Teacher Education Fukuoka, Fukuoka 811-4192, JapanTsunefumi MizunoHiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8526, JapanKoji MoriFaculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, JapanK. MukaiCenter for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD 21250, USAHiroshi MurakamiDepartment of Data Science, Tohoku Gakuin University, Miyagi 984-8588, JapanR. F. MushotzkyDepartment of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USAHiroshi NakajimaCollege of Science and Engineering, Kanto Gakuin University, Kanagawa 236-8501, JapanKazuhiro NakazawaDepartment of Physics, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8602, JapanJan‐Uwe NessEuropean Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), E-28692 Madrid, SpainKumiko NobukawaDepartment of Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, KINDAI University, Osaka 577-8502, JapanMasayoshi NobukawaDepartment of Teacher Training and School Education, Nara University of Education, Nara 630-8528, JapanHirofumi NodaAstronomical Institute, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8578, JapanHirokazu OdakaDepartment of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, Osaka 560-0043, JapanShoji OgawaInstitute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Kanagawa 252-5210, JapanAnna OgorzałekDepartment of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USATakashi OkajimaNASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USANaomi OtaDepartment of Physics, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506, JapanS. PaltaniDepartment of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix CH-1290, SwitzerlandRobert PetreNASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAPaul P. PlucinskyCenter for Astrophysics—Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAF. S. PorterNASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAK. PottschmidtNASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAKosuke SatoDepartment of Astrophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, JapanToshiki SatoSchool of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kanagawa, 214-8571, JapanMakoto SawadaDepartment of Physics, Rikkyo University, Tokyo 171-8501, JapanHiromi SetaDepartment of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, JapanM. ShidatsuDepartment of Physics, Ehime University, Ehime 790-8577, JapanA. SimionescuSRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Leiden, The NetherlandsRandall K. SmithCenter for Astrophysics—Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAHiromasa SuzukiFaculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, JapanAndrew E. SzymkowiakYale Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Yale University, CT 06520-8121, USAH. TakahashiDepartment of Physics, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8526, JapanMai TakeoDepartment of Physics, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, JapanToru TamagawaRIKEN Nishina Center, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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Abstract We stack 3.75 Ms of early XRISM Resolve observations of 10 galaxy clusters to search for unidentified spectral lines in the E = 2.5–15 keV band (rest frame), including the E = 3.5 keV line reported in earlier low spectral resolution studies of cluster samples. Such an emission line may originate from the decay of the sterile neutrino, a warm dark matter (DM) candidate. No unidentified lines are detected in our stacked cluster spectrum, with the 3 σ upper limit on the m s ∼ 7.1 keV DM particle decay rate (which corresponds to an E = 3.55 keV emission line) of Γ ∼ 1.0 × 10 −27 s −1 . This upper limit is 3–4 times lower than the one derived by Hitomi Collaboration from the Perseus observation but still 5 times higher than the XMM-Newton detection reported by E. Bulbul et al. in the stacked cluster sample. XRISM Resolve, with its high spectral resolution but small field of view, may reach the sensitivity needed to test the XMM-Newton cluster sample detection by combining several years worth of future cluster observations.
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