A hybrid model for multi-particle production and multi-fragment emission in electron-nucleus collisions at the forthcoming electron–ion collider

To present a prediction of multi-particle production and multi-fragment emission in electron– nucleus ([Formula: see text]) collisions at the forthcoming Electron–Ion Collider (EIC), this paper proposes a simple hybrid model based on the multi-source thermal model and the ideal gas model. According to this hybrid model, several statistical laws, including the two-component Erlang distribution, are introduced, indicating a two-source production mechanism. These statistical laws are expected to effectively describe the bulk properties of multiple particles produced during electron–nucleon ([Formula: see text]) scattering as well as multiple fragments emitted from the fragmentation of an excited residual nucleus. Although both scattering and fragmentation can occur in [Formula: see text] collisions at the EIC, their respective sources differ significantly. In [Formula: see text] scattering, multiple particles arise from soft excitation and hard scattering processes that are classified into two distinct types of events. Conversely, in nuclear fragmentation, multiple fragments originate from cold and hot sources within the same excited nucleus.

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