Shape effects on steady flow and heat transfer of Cu-nanofluid over a nonlinear stretching surface with Joule heating

Nanofluids have garnered significant interest in various fields due to their numerous advantages and potential applications. The appeal of ethylene glycol (EG)-based Cu-nanofluid lies in its excellent thermal conductivity, stability, and ability to enhance heat transfer properties, making it a promising candidate for diverse industrial applications. In this study, we analyse the flow behaviour of EG-based copper (Cu) nanofluid over a nonlinear stretching surface under the influence of Joule heating effects. The research involves the development of a mathematical model and formulating of governing equa-tions represented as system of partial differential equations, which are subsequently transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations through suitable transformations. A numerical framework based on MATLAB bvp4c solver tech-nique is employed to obtain approximate solutions. The study examines the influence of dimensionless parameters on velocity and thermal distributions. The findings for the local Nusselt number and skin friction are presented in tabular form, highlighting the effects of key parameters. The results are benchmarked against three different sources from existing liter-ature, showing strong agreement in the case of reduced Nusselt number.

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