Enhancing the reliability of LoRa-based sensor networks in groundwater monitoring

Groundwater monitoring is a critical task for sustainable water management, particularly in agricultural regions where water scarcity and inefficient usage threaten productivity. However, ensuring reliable data transmission from distributed sensors to a central unit remains a major challenge due to interference, signal fading, and the limited duty cycle of Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN). This study addresses these challenges by proposing a LoRa-based sensor network topology designed for groundwater monitoring in the Karshi district, Uzbekistan. The network connects eight groundwater wells to a central station, and communication reliability is improved by incorporating relay-assisted transmission schemes. The proposed approach is evaluated through network reliability modeling and analysis of data delivery success rates. Results demonstrate that cooperative relaying reduces packet loss and enhances the probability of successful data transmission compared to direct communication only. The findings show that relay-assisted LoRa topologies can provide a cost-effective, scalable solution for reliable groundwater monitoring.

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