Endometrial hyperplasia of typical and atypical morphoarchitectonics: A review of selected diagnostic methods
Annotatsiya
In this study, the diagnostic aspects of typical endometrial hyperplasia (benign endometrial hyperplasia) and atypical endometrial hyperplasia (endometrioid intraepithelial neoplasia) are reviewed. The article provides data on multidisciplinary and diverse selected diagnostic measures: ultrasound examination of the endometrium (data on the characteristics of the endometrial status in the absence of pathology and diagnostic criteria for the hyperplastic process occurring in the mucous component of the uterine anatomy), menogram (data on the nature of the menstrual cycle in the presence of a disease), hysteroscopy (information on the diagnostic role and comparison with the dilation and curettage (D&C) method), examination of the hormonal status (FSH, LH, thyroid hormones), and examination of the liver (due to the fact that the liver processes hormones). Thanks to modern diagnostic methods, and in this case, immunohistochemical examination (IHC), we can identify new aspects in the pathogenesis of atypical endometrial hyperplasia (AEH). IHC indicators of malignancy are: PR- and ER-receptor profile of the endometrium are in the position of “inverse proportion”, inactivation/loss of PTEN, PAX2, ARID1A, increase in expression of β-catenin (CTNNB1), mutations in the proto-oncogene KRAS, registration of MSI, as well as about the expression of LH/hCG receptors. Similar mutational aberrations of AEH and endometrial cancer are mentioned. The role of the endometrial microbiome in the development of pathology has been shown. In the preparation of this review, data was collected from the scientometric libraries PubMed, CyberLeninka, eLIBRARY.RU, using the keywords: endometrial hyperplasia, atypical endometrial hyperplasia, endometrioid intraepithelial neoplasia, immunohistochemistry, MSI, ultrasound, sexually transmitted infections, uterine microbiome, as well as from bibliographic sources. Time frame: 1997–2025.