ETIOLOGY, CLINICAL STAGES, AND TREATMENT MODALITIES OF ACNE VULGARIS

Although it is often interpreted as a temporary adolescent skin problem, modern dermatology considers acne a multifactorial disease involving follicular hyperkeratinization, increased sebum production, Cutibacterium acnes-associated microbial activity, immune inflammation, hormonal influence, genetic predisposition, environmental exposure, and behavioral skin-care factors. The study uses a descriptive analytical design based on clinical guidelines, dermatological textbooks, national protocols, and scientific literature. The results show that successful acne management depends on correct severity classification, early recognition of scarring risk, rational use of topical and systemic therapies, avoidance of antibiotic monotherapy, patient education, and long-term maintenance care. The article is intended for educational and scientific purposes and does not replace individual medical consultation

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