A Contemporary Review of Alzheimer’s Disease: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Management

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia worldwide. It is characterized by cognitive decline, memory impairment, and behavioral disturbances. Despite decades of research, its exact etiology remains complex and multifactorial. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms underlying AD, including amyloid-beta aggregation, tau pathology, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and genetic factors. Additionally, current diagnostic approaches, including biomarkers and neuroimaging techniques, are discussed. The article further explores available pharmacological and non-pharmacological management strategies and highlights emerging therapeutic approaches aimed at disease modification. Understanding these aspects is crucial for improving patient outcomes and guiding future research directions.

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