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Black phosphorus quantum dot heterostructures for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution: Interfacial charge engineering, charge dynamics, and multifunctional applications

Ghada Al-AssiFaculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman jordanChirag MakvanaDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gokul Global University, Sidhpur, Gujarat, IndiaIrwanjot KaurDepartment of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Sharda School of Engineering & Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida, IndiaAhmed AldulaimiFaculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zahrawi University, Karbala, IraqNada Othman KattabDepartment of Radiology Techniques,Health and Medical Techniques College,Alnoor University, Nineveh,IraqMonika VermaDepartment of Chemistry, University Institute of Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, IndiaRasulbek EshmetovDepartment of Natural science ,Mamun university , Khiva UzbekistanAbdusamiyeva NargizaDepartment of Medicine, Termez University of Economics and Service, Termez,UzbekistanAhmad EsmaeilpourYoung Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

2026en

ABI

Annotatsiya

Black phosphorus quantum dot (BPQD)-based heterostructures represent a rapidly emerging class of low-dimensional photocatalytic systems for solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion. This review systematically analyzes their structural characteristics, interfacial charge dynamics, and photocatalytic functionalities with emphasis on hydrogen evolution reactions. The role of quantum confinement, interface engineering, and heterostructure design in regulating charge separation efficiency and redox behavior is critically discussed. Recent advances in 0D–2D hybrids, hierarchical composites, and dual Z-scheme architectures are summarized, highlighting the function of BPQDs as interfacial electronic regulators that enhance multi-pathway charge transfer processes. Despite significant progress, key challenges including intrinsic instability, limited mechanistic understanding of interfacial charge transfer, and the efficiency–stability trade-off remain unresolved. Emerging strategies toward multifunctional solar-to-chemical energy conversion systems are also highlighted, extending applications beyond hydrogen production to environmental and photoelectrochemical processes. This review provides a critical perspective for the rational design of stable and high-performance BPQD-based photocatalysts.

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DOI: 10.1016/j.rsurfi.2026.100889

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