Multi-market coupling model and optimal scheduling strategy for the photovoltaic-energy storage-charging system

The photovoltaic-energy storage-charging (PEC) system integrates distributed photovoltaic (PV) generation, energy storage systems (ESS), and electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS), enabling participation in multiple electricity markets beyond basic charging services (CS). Since CS modifies the load baseline and thereby affect day-ahead market scheduling, while PEC is constrained by its dispatchable capacity, these day-ahead mechanisms are intrinsically coupled with the PEC system’s CS in both capacity and time, thereby requiring a multi-market coupling model to maximise resource flexibility. To address this challenge, a multi-market coupling model is proposed that optimally coordinates the participation of the PEC system in three distinct but interrelated markets: CS, demand response (DR), and peak-shaving response (PR). First, mathematical models of PEC are developed to reflect the physical characteristics and operational constraints. Then, an optimisation framework is constructed based on the concept of dispatchable capacity, which captures the dynamic temporal and market coupling among CS, DR, and PR services. The Multi-Market Scheduling strategy (MMS) is formulated with the objective of maximising the PEC system’s profit, subject to market participation rules, load baseline requirements, and operational limits. Simulation results over a six-day scheduling horizon demonstrate that the proposed strategy effectively coordinates multi-market participation and significantly improves profit, compared with strategies involving participation in a single market or existing priority-based market participation approaches. These results not only validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the PEC system as a flexible energy resource but also establish a scalable framework for distributed energy resources (DERs) scheduling and participation in multiple electricity markets.

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