Integrated kinetic modeling and response surface optimization of phenolic compound extraction from hawthorn (Crataegus songarica)

This study develops an integrated process-oriented framework for analyzing and optimizing multi-component extraction from plant-based matrices using time-dependent kinetic modeling and response surface methodology. Crataegus songarica fruit was used as a model system, and the extraction behavior of polyphenols, water-soluble vitamins, simple sugars, minerals, and heavy metals was monitored over a 29 h extraction period. Polyphenol extraction exhibited a biphasic release–degradation profile that was accurately described using nonlinear kinetic models (R2 generally > 0.90), while vitamins and simple sugars demonstrated compound-specific extraction dynamics fitted with appropriate mathematical functions. Mineral concentrations showed time-dependent maxima between 9 and 18 h, highlighting the importance of extraction-time control, whereas continuous monitoring confirmed that heavy metal levels remained within acceptable safety limits throughout the process. Preliminary regression screening and response surface methodology identified ethanol concentration and pH as the dominant variables governing flavonoid recovery. Optimal extraction conditions (70.8% ethanol, 78.4 °C, pH 2.0) were experimentally validated with minimal deviation from predicted values. Overall, the proposed integrated kinetic–optimization framework provides transferable process-level insight for the design, optimization, and scale-up of plant extraction systems with relevance to food processing, ingredient standardization, and safety-oriented bioprocess control.

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