Hybrid DES and Continuous Models for Cyber-Physical Ubiquitous Environments

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) operating in ubiquitous environments combine continuous physical dynamics with discrete event-driven control in ways that strain conventional simulation tools. This chapter examines hybrid modeling methods that join Discrete Event System Specification (DEVS) with continuous-time techniques—principally Quantized State Systems (QSS) and co-simulation frameworks—for the design, analysis, and validation of such systems. Key concerns include embedding these models within IoT platforms, smart grids, digital twins, and healthcare applications, as well as managing actuation conflicts and event-driven synchronisation across heterogeneous device networks. Drawing on recent work in the literature, the chapter develops a layered reference architecture and identifies open research problems in distributed hybrid simulation, formal verification, and physics-informed machine learning for pervasive CPS settings.

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