Policy and Governance in International Exchange

International exchange programs are central to higher education internationalisation, yet they operate within complex, multilevel governance systems shaped by geopolitical tensions, immigration limits, post-pandemic disruptions, equity gaps, and sustainability demands. This chapter reviews the governance landscape through a systematic analysis of scholarship from 2021–2025. It proposes a Multilevel Governance Framework across supranational, national, institutional, program, and individual levels, and identifies key challenges such as visa barriers, credential fraud, and the securitisation of student mobility, alongside responses including virtual exchange and inclusive policy reform. Using thematic and cross-regional analysis, the chapter argues that effective governance depends on aligned policies, equity-focused design, and adaptive strategies balancing physical and virtual mobility. It concludes with recommendations to promote sustainable, inclusive, and rigorous exchange in a fragmented global context.

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