Shock acceleration of diffuse ions at the Earth's bow shock: Acceleration efficiency and <i>A/Z</i> enhancement

Observations of particle spectra, intensity, and enhancement of alpha particles over protons at diffuse ion events at the quasi‐parallel earth bow shock are compared to a Monte Carlo simulation of diffusive shock acceleration. The simulation includes the back reaction of accelerated particles on the shock structure, particle escape at an upstream free escape boundary, and a low energy per nucleon threshold for thermal leakage of downstream, shock‐heated particles into the upstream region. The simulation assumes that the same scattering operator that gives rise to shock acceleration can also describe a viscous shock governed by hydrodynamic turbulence. This implies that accelerated ions can be drawn directly from the thermal solar wind with no separate superthermal seed population. Good agreement between the simulation and observations made during nearly radial magnetic field configurations lends support to thermal leakage of downstream, shock‐heated ions as the mode of injection for diffuse ion events.

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