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A genetic chronology for the Indian Subcontinent points to heavily sex-biased dispersals

Marina SilvaDepartment of Biological Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UKMarisa OliveiraIPATIMUP (Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135, Porto, PortugalDaniel VieiraCBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, PortugalAndreia BrandãoIPATIMUP (Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135, Porto, PortugalTeresa RitoICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, PortugalJoana B. PereiraIPATIMUP (Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135, Porto, PortugalRoss M. FraserCentre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland, UKBob HudsonArchaeology Department, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, AustraliaFrancesca GandiniDepartment of Biological Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UKCeiridwen J. EdwardsDepartment of Biological Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UKMaria PalaDepartment of Biological Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UKJohn T. KochUniversity of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies, National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth, SY23 3HH, Wales, UKJames F. WilsonCentre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland, UKLuı́sa PereiraIPATIMUP (Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto), Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho 45, 4200-135, Porto, PortugalMartin RichardsDepartment of Biological Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK. [email protected]Pedro SoaresCBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal. [email protected]

2017en

ABI

Annotatsiya

BACKGROUND: India is a patchwork of tribal and non-tribal populations that speak many different languages from various language families. Indo-European, spoken across northern and central India, and also in Pakistan and Bangladesh, has been frequently connected to the so-called "Indo-Aryan invasions" from Central Asia ~3.5 ka and the establishment of the caste system, but the extent of immigration at this time remains extremely controversial. South India, on the other hand, is dominated by Dravidian languages. India displays a high level of endogamy due to its strict social boundaries, and high genetic drift as a result of long-term isolation which, together with a very complex history, makes the genetic study of Indian populations challenging. RESULTS: We have combined a detailed, high-resolution mitogenome analysis with summaries of autosomal data and Y-chromosome lineages to establish a settlement chronology for the Indian Subcontinent. Maternal lineages document the earliest settlement ~55-65 ka (thousand years ago), and major population shifts in the later Pleistocene that explain previous dating discrepancies and neutrality violation. Whilst current genome-wide analyses conflate all dispersals from Southwest and Central Asia, we were able to tease out from the mitogenome data distinct dispersal episodes dating from between the Last Glacial Maximum to the Bronze Age. Moreover, we found an extremely marked sex bias by comparing the different genetic systems. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal lineages primarily reflect earlier, pre-Holocene processes, and paternal lineages predominantly episodes within the last 10 ka. In particular, genetic influx from Central Asia in the Bronze Age was strongly male-driven, consistent with the patriarchal, patrilocal and patrilineal social structure attributed to the inferred pastoralist early Indo-European society. This was part of a much wider process of Indo-European expansion, with an ultimate source in the Pontic-Caspian region, which carried closely related Y-chromosome lineages, a smaller fraction of autosomal genome-wide variation and an even smaller fraction of mitogenomes across a vast swathe of Eurasia between 5 and 3.5 ka.

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DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0936-9

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