The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic <i>Homo sapiens sapiens</i> in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective
Ornella SeminoDepartment of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305–5120, USAGiuseppe PassarinoDepartment of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305–5120, USAPeter J. OefnerStanford Genome Technology Center, 855 California Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USAAlice LinDepartment of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305–5120, USASvetlana ArbuzovaInternational Medico-Genetic Centre, Hospital Nol, 57 Artem Str, 340000 Donetsk, UkraineL. BeckmanDepartment of Oncology, Pathology and Medical Genetics, University of Umeå, S-901 85 Umeå, SwedenGiovanna De BenedictisDipartimento di Biologia Cellulare, Università della Calabria, 87030 Rende, ItalyPaolo FrancalacciDipartimento di Zoologia e Antropologia Biologica, Università di Sassari, Via Regina Margherita, 15, 07100 Sassari, ItalyAnastasia KouvatsiDepartment of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, Aristotle University, 54006 Thessaloniki, Macedonia, GreeceLimborskaia SaInstitute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kurchatov Square, 2, Moscow 123182, RussiaMladen MarcikiæClinical Hospital Center Osijek, Department of Pathology Medical School, J Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, CroatiaAnna MikaRegionalne Centrum Krwiodawstwa i Krwiolecznictwa w Lublinie–Oddzial w, Zamosciu, ul Legionow 10, 22400 Zamosc, PolandBarbara MikaSamodzielny Publiczny Szpital Wojwodzki im. Papieza Jona Pawla II w, Zamosciu, ul Legionow 10, 22400 Zamosc, PolandDragan PrimoracUniversity Hospital Split, Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory for Clinical and Forensic Genetics, Spinèiæeva 1, 21000 Split, CroatiaA. Silvana Santachiara‐BenerecettiDipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, ItalyL. Luca Cavalli-SforzaDepartment of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305–5120, USAPeter A. UnderhillDepartment of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305–5120, USA
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A genetic perspective of human history in Europe was derived from 22 binary markers of the nonrecombining Y chromosome (NRY). Ten lineages account for >95% of the 1007 European Y chromosomes studied. Geographic distribution and age estimates of alleles are compatible with two Paleolithic and one Neolithic migratory episode that have contributed to the modern European gene pool. A significant correlation between the NRY haplotype data and principal components based on 95 protein markers was observed, indicating the effectiveness of NRY binary polymorphisms in the characterization of human population composition and history.
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