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Development and Validation of a Deep Learning System for Diabetic Retinopathy and Related Eye Diseases Using Retinal Images From Multiethnic Populations With Diabetes

Daniel Shu Wei TingSingapore Eye Research InstituteCarol Y. CheungDepartment of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaGilbert LimSchool of Computing, National University of SingaporeGavin Siew Wei TanDuke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, SingaporeDuc Quang NguyenSingapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, SingaporeAlfred Tau Liang GanSingapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, SingaporeHaslina HamzahSingapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, SingaporeRenata García-FrancoInstituto Mexicano De Oftalmologia, IAP, Queretaro, MexicoIan YeoDuke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, SingaporeShu Yen LeeDuke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, SingaporeEdmund Yick Mun WongDuke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, SingaporeCharumathi SabanayagamDuke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, SingaporeMani BaskaranDuke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, SingaporeFarah IbrahimDuke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, SingaporeNgiap Chuan TanDuke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, SingaporeEric FinkelsteinLien Center for Palliative Care, Health Services and Systems Research Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, SingaporeEcosse L. LamoureuxDuke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, SingaporeYhi WongDepartment of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaNeil M. BresslerJohns Hopkins Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, MarylandSobha SivaprasadMoorfields Eye Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, United KingdomRohit VarmaUniversity of Southern California Gayle and Edward Roski Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CaliforniaJost B. JonasDepartment of Ophthalmology, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, GermanyMingguang HeState Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre, Sun Yatsen University, Guangzhou, ChinaChing‐Yu ChengDuke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, SingaporeChui Ming Gemmy CheungDuke-NUS Medical SchoolTin AungDuke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, SingaporeWynne HsuSchool of Computing, National University of SingaporeMong Li LeeSchool of Computing, National University of SingaporeTien Yin WongDuke-NUS Medical School, National University of Singapore, Singapore

2017en

ABI

Annotatsiya

Importance: A deep learning system (DLS) is a machine learning technology with potential for screening diabetic retinopathy and related eye diseases. Objective: To evaluate the performance of a DLS in detecting referable diabetic retinopathy, vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy, possible glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in community and clinic-based multiethnic populations with diabetes. Design, Setting, and Participants: Diagnostic performance of a DLS for diabetic retinopathy and related eye diseases was evaluated using 494 661 retinal images. A DLS was trained for detecting diabetic retinopathy (using 76 370 images), possible glaucoma (125 189 images), and AMD (72 610 images), and performance of DLS was evaluated for detecting diabetic retinopathy (using 112 648 images), possible glaucoma (71 896 images), and AMD (35 948 images). Training of the DLS was completed in May 2016, and validation of the DLS was completed in May 2017 for detection of referable diabetic retinopathy (moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy or worse) and vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy (severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy or worse) using a primary validation data set in the Singapore National Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Program and 10 multiethnic cohorts with diabetes. Exposures: Use of a deep learning system. Main Outcomes and Measures: Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and sensitivity and specificity of the DLS with professional graders (retinal specialists, general ophthalmologists, trained graders, or optometrists) as the reference standard. Results: In the primary validation dataset (n = 14 880 patients; 71 896 images; mean [SD] age, 60.2 [2.2] years; 54.6% men), the prevalence of referable diabetic retinopathy was 3.0%; vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy, 0.6%; possible glaucoma, 0.1%; and AMD, 2.5%. The AUC of the DLS for referable diabetic retinopathy was 0.936 (95% CI, 0.925-0.943), sensitivity was 90.5% (95% CI, 87.3%-93.0%), and specificity was 91.6% (95% CI, 91.0%-92.2%). For vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy, AUC was 0.958 (95% CI, 0.956-0.961), sensitivity was 100% (95% CI, 94.1%-100.0%), and specificity was 91.1% (95% CI, 90.7%-91.4%). For possible glaucoma, AUC was 0.942 (95% CI, 0.929-0.954), sensitivity was 96.4% (95% CI, 81.7%-99.9%), and specificity was 87.2% (95% CI, 86.8%-87.5%). For AMD, AUC was 0.931 (95% CI, 0.928-0.935), sensitivity was 93.2% (95% CI, 91.1%-99.8%), and specificity was 88.7% (95% CI, 88.3%-89.0%). For referable diabetic retinopathy in the 10 additional datasets, AUC range was 0.889 to 0.983 (n = 40 752 images). Conclusions and Relevance: In this evaluation of retinal images from multiethnic cohorts of patients with diabetes, the DLS had high sensitivity and specificity for identifying diabetic retinopathy and related eye diseases. Further research is necessary to evaluate the applicability of the DLS in health care settings and the utility of the DLS to improve vision outcomes.

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DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.18152

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