Direct Evidence for Neutrino Flavor Transformation from Neutral-Current Interactions in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
Rushdy AhmadCenter for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, and Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USAR. C. AllenDepartment of Physics, University of California, Irvine, California 92717Thomas AndersenPhysics Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, CanadaJ. D. AnglinNational Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, CanadaJ. C. BartonDepartment of Physics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United KingdomE. W. BeierDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396M. BercovitchNational Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, CanadaJ. BiguDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, CanadaS. D. BillerDepartment of Physics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United KingdomR. A. BlackDepartment of Physics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United KingdomI. BlevisCarleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, CanadaR. J. BoardmanDepartment of Physics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United KingdomJ. BogerChemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000E. BonvinDepartment of Physics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, CanadaM. G. BoulayDepartment of Physics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, CanadaM. G. BowlerDepartment of Physics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United KingdomT. J. BowlesLos Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545S. J. BriceDepartment of Physics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United KingdomM. C. BrowneCenter for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, and Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195T. V. BullardCenter for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, and Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195G. BühlerDepartment of Physics, University of California, Irvine, California 92717J. CameronDepartment of Physics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United KingdomY. D. ChanInstitute for Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics and Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720H. H. ChenDepartment of Physics, University of California, Irvine, California 92717M. ChenDepartment of Physics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, CanadaX. ChenDepartment of Physics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United KingdomB. T. ClevelandDepartment of Physics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United KingdomE. T. H. CliffordDepartment of Physics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, CanadaJ. H. M. CowanDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, CanadaD. F. CowenDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396G. A. CoxCenter for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, and Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195X. DaiDepartment of Physics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United KingdomF. Dalnoki‐VeressCarleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, CanadaW.F. DavidsonNational Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, CanadaP. J. DoeCenter for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, and Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195G. DoucasDepartment of Physics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United KingdomM. R. DragowskyInstitute for Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics and Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720C. A. DubaCenter for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, and Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195F. A. DuncanDepartment of Physics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, CanadaM. DunfordDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396J. DunmoreDepartment of Physics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United KingdomE. D. EarleAtomic Energy of Canada, Limited, Chalk River Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario K0J 1J0, CanadaS. R. ElliottCenter for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, and Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195H. C. EvansDepartment of Physics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, CanadaG. T. EwanDepartment of Physics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, CanadaJ. FarineCarleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, CanadaH. FerganiDepartment of Physics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United KingdomA. P. FerrarisDepartment of Physics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United KingdomR. FordDepartment of Physics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, CanadaJ. A. FormaggioCenter for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, and Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195M. M. FowlerLos Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545K. C. FrameDepartment of Physics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United KingdomE.D. FrankDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396W. FratiDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396N. GagnonCenter for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, and Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195J. V. GermaniCenter for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, and Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195Salvador GilDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, CanadaK. GrahamDepartment of Physics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, CanadaD. R. GrantCarleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, CanadaR. L. HahnChemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000A. L. HallinDepartment of Physics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, CanadaE. D. HallmanDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, CanadaA. S. HamerDepartment of Physics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, CanadaA. A. HamianCenter for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, and Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195W. B. HandlerDepartment of Physics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, CanadaRizwan HaqDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, CanadaC. K. HargroveCarleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, CanadaP. J. HarveyDepartment of Physics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, CanadaR. HazamaCenter for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, and Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195K. M. HeegerCenter for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, and Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195W. J. HeintzelmanDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396J. HeiseDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, CanadaR. L. HelmerDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, CanadaJ. D. HepburnDepartment of Physics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, CanadaH. HeronDepartment of Physics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United KingdomJoAnne L. HewettDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, CanadaA. HimeLos Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545M. HoweCenter for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, and Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195J. G. HykawyDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario P3E 2C6, CanadaM. C. Perillo IsaacInstitute for Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics and Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720P. JagamPhysics Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, CanadaN.A. JelleyDepartment of Physics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United KingdomC. JillingsDepartment of Physics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, CanadaG. JonkmansAtomic Energy of Canada, Limited, Chalk River Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario K0J 1J0, CanadaK. KazkazCenter for Experimental Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics, and Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195P. KeenerDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396J. R. KleinDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396A. KnoxDepartment of Physics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United KingdomR. J. KomarDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, CanadaR. T. KouzesDepartment of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544T. KutterDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, CanadaChristopher C. M. KybaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6396J. LawPhysics Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, CanadaI. LawsonPhysics Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, CanadaM. LayDepartment of Physics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United KingdomH. W. LeeDepartment of Physics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, CanadaK. T. LeskoInstitute for Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics and Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720J. R. LeslieDepartment of Physics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, CanadaI. LevineCarleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, CanadaW. LockeDepartment of Physics, University of Oxford, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom
2002en
ABI
Annotatsiya
Observations of neutral-current $\ensuremath{\nu}$ interactions on deuterium in the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory are reported. Using the neutral current (NC), elastic scattering, and charged current reactions and assuming the standard ${}^{8}\mathrm{B}$ shape, the ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$ component of the ${}^{8}\mathrm{B}$ solar flux is ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{e}{\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1.76}_{\ensuremath{-}0.05}^{+0.05}(\mathrm{stat}{)}_{\ensuremath{-}0.09}^{+0.09}(\mathrm{syst})\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for a kinetic energy threshold of 5 MeV. The non- ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$ component is ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\tau}}{\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}3.41}_{\ensuremath{-}0.45}^{+0.45}(\mathrm{stat}{)}_{\ensuremath{-}0.45}^{+0.48}(\mathrm{syst})\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, $5.3\ensuremath{\sigma}$ greater than zero, providing strong evidence for solar ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{e}$ flavor transformation. The total flux measured with the NC reaction is ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{\mathrm{NC}}{\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}5.09}_{\ensuremath{-}0.43}^{+0.44}(\mathrm{stat}{)}_{\ensuremath{-}0.43}^{+0.46}(\mathrm{syst})\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, consistent with solar models.
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