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Global virtual water trade and the hydrological cycle: patterns, drivers, and socio-environmental impacts

Paolo D’OdoricoDepartment of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, United States of AmericaJoel A. CarrPatuxent Wildlife Research Center, US Geological Survey, Beltsville, MD, United States of AmericaCarole DalinInstitute for Sustainable Resources, University College, London, United KingdomJampel Dell’AngeloDepartment of Environmental Policy Analysis, Institute for Environmental Studies, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The NetherlandsMegan KonarDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States of AmericaFrancesco LaioDepartment of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, ItalyLuca RidolfiDepartment of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, ItalyLorenzo RosaDepartment of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, United States of AmericaSamir SuweisDipartimento di Fisica ‘G Galilei’, Universita’ di Padova, Padua, IT, ItalyStefania TameaDepartment of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, ItalyMarta TuninettiDepartment of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy

2019en

ABI

Annotatsiya

Abstract The increasing global demand for farmland products is placing unprecedented pressure on the global agricultural system and its water resources. Many regions of the world, that are affected by a chronic water scarcity relative to their population, strongly depend on the import of agricultural commodities and associated embodied (or virtual ) water. The globalization of water through virtual water trade (VWT) is leading to a displacement of water use and a disconnection between human populations and the water resources they rely on. Despite the recognized importance of these phenomena in reshaping the patterns of water dependence through teleconnections between consumers and producers, their effect on global and regional water resources has just started to be quantified. This review investigates the global spatiotemporal dynamics, drivers, and impacts of VWT through an integrated analysis of surface water, groundwater, and root-zone soil moisture consumption for agricultural production; it evaluates how virtual water flows compare to the major ‘physical water fluxes’ in the Earth System; and provides a new reconceptualization of the hydrologic cycle to account also for the role of water redistribution by the hidden ‘virtual water cycle’.

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DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ab05f4

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