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GRB 221009A: The BOAT

Eric BurnsDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA; [email protected]D. SvinkinIoffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St. Petersburg, 194021, RussiaE. E. FenimoreLos Alamos National Laboratory, P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USAД. А. КаннHessian Research Cluster ELEMENTS, Giersch Science Center, Max-von-Laue-Straße 12, Goethe University Frankfurt, Campus Riedberg, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyJ. F. Agüí FernándezInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC), Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, SpainD. FrederiksIoffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St. Petersburg, 194021, RussiaR. HamburgUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, F-91405 Orsay, FranceS. LesageCenter for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USAYuri TemiraevIoffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St. Petersburg, 194021, RussiaA. TsvetkovaDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, SP Monserrato-Sestu, km 0.7, I-09042 Monserrato, ItalyC. MeeganDipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Politecnico di Bari, Bari, ItalyM. S. BriggsCenter for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USASarah DalessiCenter for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USARachel DunwoodySchool of Physics, Centre for Space Research, Science Center North, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, IrelandCori FletcherScience and Technology Institute, Universities Space and Research Association, 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL 35805, USAA. GoldsteinScience and Technology Institute, Universities Space and Research Association, 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL 35805, USAC. M. HuiST12 Astrophysics Branch, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, USABoyan A. HristovCenter for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USAD. KocevskiST12 Astrophysics Branch, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, USAA. LysenkoIoffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St. Petersburg, 194021, RussiaB. MailyanDepartment of Aerospace, Physics and Space Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USAJoseph ManganLaboratoire de Physique des 2 infinis Irène Joliot-Curie—IJCLab, CNRS / Université Paris-Saclay / Université Paris Cité, Bâtiment 104 Rue Henri Becquerel, F-91405 Orsay Campus, FranceS. McBreenSchool of Physics, Centre for Space Research, Science Center North, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, IrelandJ. L. RacusinNASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAA. RidnaiaIoffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St. Petersburg, 194021, RussiaO. J. RobertsScience and Technology Institute, Universities Space and Research Association, 320 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL 35805, USAM. UlanovIoffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St. Petersburg, 194021, RussiaP. VerešCenter for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USAC. Wilson‐HodgeST12 Astrophysics Branch, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, USAJ. WoodST12 Astrophysics Branch, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, USA

2023en

ABI

Annotatsiya

Abstract GRB 221009A has been referred to as the brightest of all time (BOAT). We investigate the veracity of this statement by comparing it with a half century of prompt gamma-ray burst observations. This burst is the brightest ever detected by the measures of peak flux and fluence. Unexpectedly, GRB 221009A has the highest isotropic-equivalent total energy ever identified, while the peak luminosity is at the ∼99th percentile of the known distribution. We explore how such a burst can be powered and discuss potential implications for ultralong and high-redshift gamma-ray bursts. By geometric extrapolation of the total fluence and peak flux distributions, GRB 221009A appears to be a once-in-10,000-year event. Thus, it is almost certainly not the BOAT over all of cosmic history; it may be the brightest gamma-ray burst since human civilization began.

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DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/acc39c

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