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PRECURSORS PRIOR TO TYPE IIn SUPERNOVA EXPLOSIONS ARE COMMON: PRECURSOR RATES, PROPERTIES, AND CORRELATIONS

E. O. OfekBenoziyo Center for Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel ,M. SullivanSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UKNir J. ShavivRacah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel ,Aviram SteinbokBenoziyo Center for Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel ,Iair ArcaviBenoziyo Center for Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel ,A. Gal‐YamBenoziyo Center for Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel ,D. TalBenoziyo Center for Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel ,S. R. KulkarniCahill Center for Astronomy & Astrophysics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAP. NugentDepartment of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3411, USASagi Ben-AmiBenoziyo Center for Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel ,M. M. KasliwalObservatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science, 813 Santa Barbara Street, Pasadena, CA 91101 USAS. B. CenkoAstrophysics Science Division, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Mail Code 661, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USARuss R. LaherSpitzer Science Center, California Institute of Technology, M/S 314-6, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USAJ. SuraceSpitzer Science Center, California Institute of Technology, M/S 314-6, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USAJ. S. BloomDepartment of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3411, USAA. V. FilippenkoDepartment of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-3411, USAJ. M. SilvermanDepartment of Astronomy, University of Texas, Austin, TX, 78712, USAO. YaronBenoziyo Center for Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel ,

2014en

ABI

Annotatsiya

There is a growing number of Type IIn supernovae (SNe) which present an outburst prior to their presumably final explosion. These precursors may affect the SN display, and are likely related to poorly charted phenomena in the final stages of stellar evolution. By coadding Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) images taken prior to the explosion, here we present a search for precursors in a sample of 16 Type IIn SNe. We find five SNe IIn that likely have at least one possible precursor event (PTF 10bjb, SN 2010mc, PTF 10weh, SN 2011ht, and PTF 12cxj), three of which are reported here for the first time. For each SN we calculate the control time. We find that precursor events among SNe IIn are common: at the one-sided 99% confidence level, >50% of SNe IIn have at least one pre-explosion outburst that is brighter than 3 × 10^7 L_☉ taking place up to 1/3 yr prior to the SN explosion. The average rate of such precursor events during the year prior to the SN explosion is likely ≳ 1 yr^(–1), and fainter precursors are possibly even more common. Ignoring the two weakest precursors in our sample, the precursors rate we find is still on the order of one per year. We also find possible correlations between the integrated luminosity of the precursor and the SN total radiated energy, peak luminosity, and rise time. These correlations are expected if the precursors are mass-ejection events, and the early-time light curve of these SNe is powered by interaction of the SN shock and ejecta with optically thick circumstellar material.

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DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/789/2/104

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