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Extremely Robust Gas-Quenching Deposition of Halide Perovskites on Top of Hydrophobic Hole Transport Materials for Inverted (p–i–n) Solar Cells by Targeting the Precursor Wetting Issue

Kai Oliver BrinkmannChair of Electronic Devices, University of Wuppertal, Rainer-Gruenter-Str. 21, 42119 Wuppertal, GermanyJunjie HeChair of Electronic Devices, University of Wuppertal, Rainer-Gruenter-Str. 21, 42119 Wuppertal, GermanyFélix SchubertChair of Electronic Devices, University of Wuppertal, Rainer-Gruenter-Str. 21, 42119 Wuppertal, GermanyJessica MalerczykChair of Electronic Devices, University of Wuppertal, Rainer-Gruenter-Str. 21, 42119 Wuppertal, GermanyCedric KreuselChair of Electronic Devices, University of Wuppertal, Rainer-Gruenter-Str. 21, 42119 Wuppertal, GermanyFrederic van gen HassendChair of Novel Manufacturing Techniques and Materials, University of Wuppertal, Bahnhofstr. 15, 42651 Solingen, GermanySebastian WeberChair of Novel Manufacturing Techniques and Materials, University of Wuppertal, Bahnhofstr. 15, 42651 Solingen, GermanyJun SongKey Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, 518060 Shenzhen, P. R. ChinaJunle QuKey Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, 3688 Nanhai Avenue, 518060 Shenzhen, P. R. ChinaThomas RiedlChair of Electronic Devices, University of Wuppertal, Rainer-Gruenter-Str. 21, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany

2019en

ABI

Annotatsiya

Lead halide perovskite solar cells afford high power conversion efficiencies, even though the photoactive layer is formed in a solution process. At the same time, solution processing may impose some severe dewetting issues, especially if organic, hydrophobic charge transport layers are considered. Ultimately, very narrow processing windows with a relatively large spread in device performance and a considerable lab-to-lab variation result. Here, we unambiguously identify dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), which is commonly used as a co-solvent and complexing agent, to be the main reason for dewetting of the precursor solution on hydrophobic hole transport layers, such as polytriarylamine, in a gas-quenching-assisted deposition process. In striking contrast, we will show that N-methyl-2-pyrrolidon (NMP), which has a lower hydrophilic–lipophilic-balance, can be favorably used instead of DMSO to strongly mitigate these dewetting issues. The resulting high-quality perovskite layers are extremely tolerant with respect to the mixing ratio (NMP/dimethylformamide) and other process parameters. Thus, our findings afford an outstandingly robust, easy to use, and fail-safe deposition technique, yielding single (MAPbI3) and double (FA0.94Cs0.06PbI3) cation perovskite solar cells with high efficiencies (∼18.5%). Most notably, the statistical variation of the devices is significantly reduced, even if the deposition process is performed by different persons. We foresee that our results will further the reliable preparation of perovskite thin films and mitigate process-to-process variations that still hinder the prospects of upscaling perovskite solar technology.

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Identifikatorlar

DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15867

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