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2D materials, synthesis, characterization and toxicity: A critical review

Gowhar A. NaikooDepartment of Mathematics and Sciences, College of Arts and Applied Sciences, Dhofar University, Salalah, Oman. Electronic address: [email protected]Fareeha ArshadDepartment of Mathematics and Sciences, College of Arts and Applied Sciences, Dhofar University, Salalah, OmanMuniba AlmasDepartment of Chemistry, The University of Poonch Rawalakot, Azad Kashmir, PakistanIsrar U. HassanCollege of Engineering, Dhofar University, Salalah, Oman. Electronic address: [email protected]Mona Zamani PedramFaculty of Mechanical Engineering-Energy Division, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, IranAlaa A. A. AljabaliDepartment of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology Yarmouk University, Irbid, JordanVijay MishraSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, IndiaÁngel Serrano‐ArocaBiomaterials and Bioengineering Lab Translational Research Centre San Alberto Magno, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, SpainMartin BirkettDepartment of Mechanical and Construction Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UKNitin B. CharbeDepartment of Pharmaceutical Sciences Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, Texas, USARohit GoyalSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology & Management Sciences, Solan, 173 212, IndiaPoonam NegiSchool of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology & Management Sciences, Solan, 173 212, IndiaMohamed El‐TananiPharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Amman, JordanMurtaza M. TambuwalaSchool of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK. Electronic address: [email protected]

2022en

ABI

Annotatsiya

Nanotechnology is an arena of exploration and innovation concerned with building things generally, advancing resources and devices based on highly specific and superior nanomaterials with unmatched properties dependent on their morphology and diameter. 2D materials such as graphene have unique properties and applications varying from imaging, delivery of drugs, and theranostics of diseases. Each 2D material, ranging from the graphene family, MXenes, chalcogenides, and 2D oxides, have a unique potential based on their shape and morphology. In addition, 2D materials have intriguing physiochemical characteristics, increased aspect ratio and associated increased reactivity that make them an ideal contender in multiple applications. This review aims to answer the existing knowledge gaps in various 2D materials having interdisciplinary roles. We have presented a brief overview of the 2D materials, followed by their synthesis methods and techniques. We have also highlighted the different characterization methods used to characterise various 2D materials. Next, we performed an in-depth analysis of the potential toxicities of 2D materials to assess their risks in multiple applications. Lastly, we conclude our review by presenting the challenges and future perspectives of 2D materials as promising forerunners of science and technology.

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DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110081

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