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Changes in Whole Brain Dynamics and Connectivity Patterns during Sevoflurane- and Propofol-induced Unconsciousness Identified by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Daniel GolkowskiFrom the Department of Neurology (D.G., R.I.) Department of Anesthesiology (A.R., G.S., D.J.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, München, Germany GIGA-Consciousness, Coma Science Group (S.K.L., C.D.P., S.L.) GIGA-Consciousness, Sensation and Perception Research Group (A.V., V.B.) GIGA Research, University, and Department of Algology and Palliative Care, Department of Neurology (S.L.) Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine (V.B.) CHU University Hospital of Liège (C.D.P.), Liège, Belgium GIGA-Cyclotron Research Center: In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium (A.P.) University Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, CHR Citadelle, Liège, Belgium (V.B.) Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin (M.B.) Asklepios Clinic, Department of Neurology, Bad Tölz, Germany (R.I.)Stephen Karl LarroqueAddress correspondence to Dr. Golkowski: Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 München, Germany. . Information on purchasing reprints may be found at www.anesthesiology.org or on the masthead page at the beginning of this issue. Anesthesiology’s articles are made freely accessible to all readers, for personal use only, 6 months from the cover date of the issueAudrey VanhaudenhuyseSubmitted for publication June 11, 2018. Accepted for publication February 22, 2019Alain PlenevauxAddress correspondence to Dr. Golkowski: Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 München, Germany. . Information on purchasing reprints may be found at www.anesthesiology.org or on the masthead page at the beginning of this issue. Anesthesiology’s articles are made freely accessible to all readers, for personal use only, 6 months from the cover date of the issueMélanie BolyAddress correspondence to Dr. Golkowski: Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 München, Germany. . Information on purchasing reprints may be found at www.anesthesiology.org or on the masthead page at the beginning of this issue. Anesthesiology’s articles are made freely accessible to all readers, for personal use only, 6 months from the cover date of the issueCarol Di PerriAddress correspondence to Dr. Golkowski: Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 München, Germany. . Information on purchasing reprints may be found at www.anesthesiology.org or on the masthead page at the beginning of this issue. Anesthesiology’s articles are made freely accessible to all readers, for personal use only, 6 months from the cover date of the issueAndreas RanftAddress correspondence to Dr. Golkowski: Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 München, Germany. . Information on purchasing reprints may be found at www.anesthesiology.org or on the masthead page at the beginning of this issue. Anesthesiology’s articles are made freely accessible to all readers, for personal use only, 6 months from the cover date of the issueGerhard SchneiderAddress correspondence to Dr. Golkowski: Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 München, Germany. . Information on purchasing reprints may be found at www.anesthesiology.org or on the masthead page at the beginning of this issue. Anesthesiology’s articles are made freely accessible to all readers, for personal use only, 6 months from the cover date of the issueSteven LaureysAddress correspondence to Dr. Golkowski: Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 München, Germany. . Information on purchasing reprints may be found at www.anesthesiology.org or on the masthead page at the beginning of this issue. Anesthesiology’s articles are made freely accessible to all readers, for personal use only, 6 months from the cover date of the issueDenis JordanAddress correspondence to Dr. Golkowski: Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 München, Germany. . Information on purchasing reprints may be found at www.anesthesiology.org or on the masthead page at the beginning of this issue. Anesthesiology’s articles are made freely accessible to all readers, for personal use only, 6 months from the cover date of the issueVincent BonhommeAddress correspondence to Dr. Golkowski: Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 München, Germany. . Information on purchasing reprints may be found at www.anesthesiology.org or on the masthead page at the beginning of this issue. Anesthesiology’s articles are made freely accessible to all readers, for personal use only, 6 months from the cover date of the issueRüdiger IlgAddress correspondence to Dr. Golkowski: Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675 München, Germany. . Information on purchasing reprints may be found at www.anesthesiology.org or on the masthead page at the beginning of this issue. Anesthesiology’s articles are made freely accessible to all readers, for personal use only, 6 months from the cover date of the issue

2019en

ABI

Annotatsiya

BACKGROUND: A key feature of the human brain is its capability to adapt flexibly to changing external stimuli. This capability can be eliminated by general anesthesia, a state characterized by unresponsiveness, amnesia, and (most likely) unconsciousness. Previous studies demonstrated decreased connectivity within the thalamus, frontoparietal, and default mode networks during general anesthesia. We hypothesized that these alterations within specific brain networks lead to a change of communication between networks and their temporal dynamics. METHODS: We conducted a pooled spatial independent component analysis of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data obtained from 16 volunteers during propofol and 14 volunteers during sevoflurane general anesthesia that have been previously published. Similar to previous studies, mean z-scores of the resulting spatial maps served as a measure of the activity within a network. Additionally, correlations of associated time courses served as a measure of the connectivity between networks. To analyze the temporal dynamics of between-network connectivity, we computed the correlation matrices during sliding windows of 1 min and applied k-means clustering to the matrices during both general anesthesia and wakefulness. RESULTS: Within-network activity was decreased in the default mode, attentional, and salience networks during general anesthesia (P < 0.001, range of median changes: -0.34, -0.13). Average between-network connectivity was reduced during general anesthesia (P < 0.001, median change: -0.031). Distinct between-network connectivity patterns for both wakefulness and general anesthesia were observed irrespective of the anesthetic agent (P < 0.001), and there were fewer transitions in between-network connectivity patterns during general anesthesia (P < 0.001, median number of transitions during wakefulness: 4 and during general anesthesia: 0). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that (1) higher-order brain regions play a crucial role in the generation of specific between-network connectivity patterns and their dynamics, and (2) the capability to interact with external stimuli is represented by complex between-network connectivity patterns.

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DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000002704

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