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Reactive Nitrogen and The World: 200 Years of Change

James N. GallowayDepartment of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA. [email protected]Ellis B. CowlingJames N. Galloway is professor of environmental sciences at the University of Virginia, USA. His research on biogeochemistry includes the natural and anthropogenic controls on chemical cycles at the watershed, regional and global scales. His current research focuses on beneficial and detrimental effects of reactive nitrogen as it cascades among environmental reservoirs in the atmosphere and biosphere of the Earth. His address: Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA. [email protected]

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This paper examines the impact of food and energy production on the global N cycle by contrasting N flows in the late-19th century with those of the late-20th century. We have a good understanding of the amounts of reactive N created by humans, and the primary points of loss to the environment. However, we have a poor understanding of nitrogen's rate of accumulation in environmental reservoirs, which is problematic because of the cascading effects of accumulated N in the environment. The substantial regional variability in reactive nitrogen creation, its degree of distribution, and the likelihood of increased rates of reactive-N formation (especially in Asia) in the future creates a situation that calls for the development of a Total Reactive Nitrogen Approach that will optimize food and energy production and protect environmental systems.

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DOI: 10.1579/0044-7447-31.2.64

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