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Eco-friendly nanoparticle phytosynthesis via plant extracts: Mechanistic insights, recent advances, and multifaceted uses

Great Iruoghene EdoDepartment of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, IraqAlice Njolke MafeDepartment of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Taraba State University, Jalingo, Taraba, NigeriaAli B.M. AliDepartment of Air Conditioning Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Warith Al-Anbiyaa University, Karbala, IraqPatrick Othuke AkpoghelieDepartment of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro, NigeriaEmad͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏͏ YousifDepartment of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, IraqEndurance Fegor IsojeDepartment of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro, NigeriaUfuoma Augustina IgbukuDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro, NigeriaKhalid ZainulabdeenDepartment of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, IraqJoseph Oghenewogaga OwheruoDepartment of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro, NigeriaArthur Efeoghene Athan EssaghahDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Delta State University of Science and Technology, Ozoro, NigeriaHuzaifa UmarOperational Research Centre in Healthcare, Near East University, Nicosia, CyprusDina S. AhmedDepartment of Chemical Industries, Institute of Technology-Baghdad, Middle Technical University, Baghdad, IraqAhmed A. Al‐AmieryAl-Ayen Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen Iraqi University, AUIQ, P.O. Box: 64004, An Nasiriyah, Thi Qar, Iraq

2025en

ABI

Annotatsiya

This review explores the phytosynthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using plant extracts, emphasizing mechanistic insights, recent advancements, and their diverse applications. The green and cost-effective nature of phytosynthesis makes it an attractive alternative to conventional nanoparticle synthesis, with phytochemicals such as flavonoids, phenolics, and alkaloids facilitating metal ion reduction and stabilization. The review highlights key medical applications, including the anticancer potential of gold nanoparticles, which have demonstrated apoptosis induction in cancer cells, and their use in theranostic structures for simultaneous diagnosis and treatment. In environmental science, phytosynthesized iron and silver nanoparticles have shown over 90 % efficiency in heavy metal adsorption and pollutant degradation, contributing to sustainable remediation strategies. In agriculture, nanofertilizers synthesized via phytosynthesis have enhanced crop yields by up to 30 % while reducing chemical fertilizer dependence. Despite these advancements, obstacles persist in scaling up production, ensuring batch-to-batch reproducibility, and fully elucidating nanoparticle interactions at the molecular level. Standardizing synthesis protocols, optimizing plant metabolite compositions, and conducting extensive in vivo studies will be crucial in translating laboratory findings into real-world applications. By resolving these difficulties through interdisciplinary collaborations, phytosynthesized nanoparticles can revolutionize nanomedicine, agriculture, and environmental sustainability, paving the way for the next generation of eco-friendly technological innovations. • The biosynthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts is largely attributed to the diverse array of bioactive compounds present in these extracts. • The biosynthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts is a complex process influenced by several environmental and chemical parameters. • Temperature plays a vital role in the biosynthesis of nanoparticles, influencing both the reaction kinetics and the properties of the resulting nanoparticles.

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DOI: 10.1016/j.ntm.2025.100080

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