Bose–Einstein Condensation and Superfluidity

Abstract Bose–Einstein condensation is a phenomenon, first proved by Einstein, in which a gas of bosons condenses into the lowest quantum state below a certain critical temperature. It occurs due to the symmetry, under particle exchange, of the boson wave function. The chapter discusses temperature, the Kelvin scale, the concept of absolute zero, and how laser cooling can reach ultralow temperatures. The property of bosons in which they often prefer to be in the same state is seen to apply to lasers, superfluid liquid helium, and to dilute nearly ideal gases. The latter are trapped in magnetic or optical potential wells where the condensation can be observed directly. These large condensate matter waves show quantum interference in a variety of possible experiments.

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