Exploring dual solutions and thermal conductivity in hybrid nanofluids: a comparative study of Xue and Hamilton–Crosser models

bvp4c, a finite difference method. It is observed that the presence of a magnetic field and the shrinking of the disk elevate the energy transport rate and wall stress. Additionally, the skin friction coefficient and thermal distribution rate increase with wall transmission constraint while fluid flow and energy transport diminish. Furthermore, particle clustering and nano-layer creation suggest that the Hamilton-Crosser model exhibits better thermal conductivity than the Xue model.

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