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Investigation of Congo Red Toxicity towards Different Living Organisms: A Review

Sharf Ilahi SiddiquiDepartment of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, IndiaEsam S. AllehyaniDepartment of Chemistry, University College in Al-Jamoum, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi ArabiaSami A. Al‐HarbiDepartment of Chemistry, University College in Al-Jamoum, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24382, Saudi ArabiaZiaul HasanDepartment of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, IndiaMay Abdullah AbomutiDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, Dawadmi 17472, Saudi ArabiaHament Kumar RajorDepartment of Chemistry, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110007, IndiaSeungdae OhDepartment of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea

2023en

ABI

Annotatsiya

The use of dyes is widespread across almost all industries. Consequently, these dyes are found in various sources of water and food that humans, animals, and plants consume directly or indirectly. Most of these dyes are comprised of complex aromatic structures that have proven harmful. Congo red dye, a complex aromatic azo dye based on benzidine, is most commonly used in these dyes; its metabolites (benzidine and analogs) can be toxic, but Congo red dye itself is not always harmful. The present review summarizes the toxicity of Congo red dye towards different living forms. Herein, the primary emphasis has been given to the mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic consequences of Congo red and its metabolites. The mechanisms of azo dyes’ carcinogenicity have also been discussed. This review will undoubtedly be beneficial for researchers to understand the harmful effects of Congo red in genotoxic, teratogenic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic factors.

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DOI: 10.3390/pr11030807

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