The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Search for Signals from New Physics
Adeela AfzalDepartment of Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, PakistanGabriella AgazieCenter for Gravitation, Cosmology and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USAAkash AnumarlapudiCenter for Gravitation, Cosmology and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USAAnne M. ArchibaldNewcastle University, NE1 7RU, UKZaven ArzoumanianX-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 662, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAP. T. BakerDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Widener University, One University Place, Chester, PA 19013, USAB. BécsyDepartment of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USAJosé J. Blanco-PilladoEHU Quantum Center, University of Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Bilbao, SpainLaura BlechaPhysics Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USAKimberly K. BoddyDepartment of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USAAdam BrazierCornell Center for Advanced Computing, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USAPaul R. BrookInstitute for Gravitational Wave Astronomy and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UKSarah Burke-SpolaorCenter for Gravitational Waves and Cosmology, West Virginia University, Chestnut Ridge Research Building, Morgantown, WV 26505, USARand BurnetteDepartment of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USARobin CaseDepartment of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USAMaria CharisiDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USAShami ChatterjeeCornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science and Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USAKaterina ChatziioannouDivision of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAB. D. CheeseboroCenter for Gravitational Waves and Cosmology, West Virginia University, Chestnut Ridge Research Building, Morgantown, WV 26505, USASiyuan ChenKavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of ChinaTyler CohenDepartment of Physics, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, 801 Leroy Place, Socorro, NM 87801, USAJ. M. CordesCornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science and Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USANeil J. CornishDepartment of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USAF. CrawfordDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Franklin & Marshall College, P.O. Box 3003, Lancaster, PA 17604, USAH. T. CromartieCornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science and Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USAKathryn CrowterDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, CanadaCurt CutlerJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USAMegan E. DeCesarGeorge Mason University, resident at the Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USADallas DeGanDepartment of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USAPaul B. DemorestNational Radio Astronomy Observatory, 1003 Lopezville Rd., Socorro, NM 87801, USAHeling DengDepartment of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USATimothy DolchDepartment of Physics, Hillsdale College, 33 E. College Street, Hillsdale, MI 49242, USABrendan DrachlerLaboratory for Multiwavelength Astrophysics, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USARichard von EckardsteinInstitute for Theoretical Physics, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, GermanyE. C. FerraraCenter for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAWilliam FioreDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, P.O. Box 6315, Morgantown, WV 26506, USAEmmanuel FonsecaDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, P.O. Box 6315, Morgantown, WV 26506, USAGabriel E. FreedmanCenter for Gravitation, Cosmology and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USANate Garver-DanielsCenter for Gravitational Waves and Cosmology, West Virginia University, Chestnut Ridge Research Building, Morgantown, WV 26505, USAPeter A. GentileCenter for Gravitational Waves and Cosmology, West Virginia University, Chestnut Ridge Research Building, Morgantown, WV 26505, USAKyle A. GersbachDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USAJoseph GlaserCenter for Gravitational Waves and Cosmology, West Virginia University, Chestnut Ridge Research Building, Morgantown, WV 26505, USADeborah C. GoodCenter for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USAL. GuertinDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Haverford College, Haverford, PA 19041, USAKayhan GültekinDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USAJeffrey S. HazbounDepartment of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USASophie HourihaneDivision of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAKristina IsloCenter for Gravitation, Cosmology and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USARoss J. JenningsDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, P.O. Box 6315, Morgantown, WV 26506, USAAaron D. JohnsonDivision of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAMegan L. JonesCenter for Gravitation, Cosmology and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USAAndrew R. KaiserDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, P.O. Box 6315, Morgantown, WV 26506, USAD. L. KaplanCenter for Gravitation, Cosmology and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USALuke Zoltan KelleyDepartment of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, 501 Campbell Hall #3411, Berkeley, CA 94720, USAM. KerrSpace Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5352, USAJ. S. KeyUniversity of Washington Bothell, 18115 Campus Way NE, Bothell, WA 98011, USANima LaalDepartment of Physics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USAMichael T. LamLaboratory for Multiwavelength Astrophysics, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY 14623, USAWilliam G. LambDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USAT. Joseph W. LazioJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USAVincent S. H. LeeDivision of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAN. LewandowskaDepartment of Physics, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, NY 13126, USARafael R. Lino dos SantosCP3-Origins, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, DenmarkT. B. LittenbergNASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, USATingting LiuDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, P.O. Box 6315, Morgantown, WV 26506, USAD. R. LorimerDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, P.O. Box 6315, Morgantown, WV 26506, USAJing LuoDepartment of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 Saint George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, CanadaRyan S. LynchChung‐Pei MaDepartment of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, 501 Campbell Hall #3411, Berkeley, CA 94720, USADustin R. MadisonDepartment of Physics, University of the Pacific, 3601 Pacific Avenue, Stockton, CA 95211, USAAlexander McEwenCenter for Gravitation, Cosmology and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USAJames W. McKeeE.A. Milne Centre for Astrophysics, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Kingston-upon-Hull, HU6 7RX, UKM. A. McLaughlinDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia University, P.O. Box 6315, Morgantown, WV 26506, USANatasha McMannDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USABradley W. MeyersInternational Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, AustraliaP. M. MeyersDivision of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USAChiara M. F. MingarelliDepartment of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USAAndrea MitridateDeutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, GermanyJonathan NayDepartment of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USAPriyamvada NatarajanBlack Hole Initiative, Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USACherry NgDunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H4, CanadaD. J. NiceDepartment of Physics, Lafayette College, Easton, PA 18042, USAStella Koch OckerCornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science and Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USAKen D. OlumInstitute of Cosmology, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USATimothy T. PennucciInstitute of Physics and Astronomy, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P.s. 1/A, 1117 Budapest, HungaryBenetge B. P. PereraArecibo Observatory, HC3 Box 53995, Arecibo, PR 00612, USAPolina PetrovDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USANihan S. PolDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USAH. A. RadovanDepartment of Physics, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, PR 00681, USAS. M. RansomNational Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USAPaul S. RaySpace Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375-5352, USAJoseph D. RomanoDepartment of Physics, Texas Tech University, Box 41051, Lubbock, TX 79409, USAShashwat C. SardesaiCenter for Gravitation, Cosmology and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USAAnn SchmiedekampDepartment of Physics, Penn State Abington, Abington, PA 19001, USACarl SchmiedekampDepartment of Physics, Penn State Abington, Abington, PA 19001, USAKai SchmitzInstitute for Theoretical Physics, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, GermanyTobias SchröderInstitute for Theoretical Physics, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, GermanyLevi SchultDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN 37235, USABrent J. Shapiro-AlbertGiant Army, 915A 17th Ave., Seattle, WA 98122, USAXavier SiemensCenter for Gravitation, Cosmology and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin−Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
2023en
ABI
Annotatsiya
Abstract The 15 yr pulsar timing data set collected by the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) shows positive evidence for the presence of a low-frequency gravitational-wave (GW) background. In this paper, we investigate potential cosmological interpretations of this signal, specifically cosmic inflation, scalar-induced GWs, first-order phase transitions, cosmic strings, and domain walls. We find that, with the exception of stable cosmic strings of field theory origin, all these models can reproduce the observed signal. When compared to the standard interpretation in terms of inspiraling supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs), many cosmological models seem to provide a better fit resulting in Bayes factors in the range from 10 to 100. However, these results strongly depend on modeling assumptions about the cosmic SMBHB population and, at this stage, should not be regarded as evidence for new physics. Furthermore, we identify excluded parameter regions where the predicted GW signal from cosmological sources significantly exceeds the NANOGrav signal. These parameter constraints are independent of the origin of the NANOGrav signal and illustrate how pulsar timing data provide a new way to constrain the parameter space of these models. Finally, we search for deterministic signals produced by models of ultralight dark matter (ULDM) and dark matter substructures in the Milky Way. We find no evidence for either of these signals and thus report updated constraints on these models. In the case of ULDM, these constraints outperform torsion balance and atomic clock constraints for ULDM coupled to electrons, muons, or gluons.
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