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Small extracellular vesicles: the origins, current status, future prospects, and applications

Xinyi ZhouYixing People's HospitalJin HuangDepartment of Geriatrics, the Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, ChinaDianqi ZhangDepartment of Central Laboratory, the Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, ChinaZhen-yu QianDepartment of Neurology, the Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, ChinaXin ZuoDepartment of Geriatrics, the Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, China. [email protected]Yaoxiang SunDepartment of Central Laboratory, the Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, China. [email protected]

2025en

ABI

Annotatsiya

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are membrane-bound vesicles with a size of less than 200 nm, released by cells. Due to their relatively small molecular weight and ability to participate in intercellular communication, sEVs can serve not only as carriers of biomarkers for disease diagnosis but also as effective drug delivery agents. Furthermore, these vesicles are involved in regulating the onset and progression of various diseases, reflecting the physiological and functional states of cells. This paper introduces the classification of extracellular vesicles, with a focus on the extraction and identification of sEVs and their significant role in repair, diagnosis, and intercellular communication. Additionally, the paper addresses the engineering modification of sEVs to provide a reference for enhanced understanding and application.

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DOI: 10.1186/s13287-025-04330-5

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