Principles of Thermodynamics

This paper gives a simple, comprehensible presentation of (a) the first and second laws of thermodynamics; (b) their associated basic concepts of energy and available-energy, respectively; and, (c) their practical implications on the performance of processes and equipment. It will be seen that is is available energy, not energy, which is the commodity of value and, hence, the proper measure for assessing inefficiencies and wastes. Thermodynamics - Its Basic Implications The basic concepts of Thermodynamics are two commodities called Energy and Available-Energy. The basic principles are the First Law, dealing with energy, and the Second Law, dealing with available-energy. (Different authors have presented the concept, available-energy, with a variety of names: avai1able-work, energy-utilisable, exergy, essergy, potential energy, availability, . . .). To illustrate the basic concepts and principles, picture a conduit carrying some commodity such as electric charge, or high-pressure water, or some chemical like hydrogen (H2). The flow rate

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