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Static Phenomena Near Critical Points: Theory and Experiment

Leo P. KadanoffDepartment of Physics and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IllinoisW. GötzeDepartment of Physics and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IllinoisD.G. HamblenDepartment of Physics and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IllinoisRobert HechtDepartment of Physics and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IllinoisEdwin A. LewisDepartment of Physics and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IllinoisV. V. PalciauskasDepartment of Physics and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IllinoisM. RaylDepartment of Physics and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IllinoisJ. B. SwiftDepartment of Physics and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IllinoisD. E. AspnesDepartment of Physics and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IllinoisJoseph W. KaneDepartment of Physics and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois

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Annotatsiya

This paper compares theory and experiment for behavior very near critical points. The primary experimental results are the "critical indices" which describe singularities in various thermodynamic derivatives and correlation functions. These indices are tabulated and compared with theory. The basic theoretical ideas are introduced via the molecular field approach, which brings in the concept of an order parameter and suggests that there are close relations among different phase transition problems. Although this theory is qualitatively correct it is quantitatively wrong, it predicts the wrong values of the critical indices. Another theoretical approach, the "scaling law" concept, which predicts relations among these indices, is described. The experimental evidence for and against the scaling laws is assessed. It is suggested that the scaling laws provide a promising approach to understanding phenomena near the critical point, but that they are by no means proved or disproved by the existing experimental data.

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DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.39.395

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