Sol–Gel Process

Abstract The sections in this article are Introduction Physico‐Chemical Basis and Principles of Sol–Gel Processing for the Preparation of Porous Solids Activation of Sol–Gel Precursors Polycondensation Gelation/Aging/Washing Gel Drying/Desolvation Stabilization of Xerogels and Aerogels Application of Sol–Gel Processing for the Preparation of Solid Catalysts Bulk Catalytic‐Phase Materials: Xerogels and Aerogels A Monometallic Catalytic Materials a Alumina b Chromia c Titania B Multimetallic Composite Catalytic Phases a Spinel Compounds b Hydrotalcites c Perovskites Catalytic Materials and Modifiers Entrapped in Porous Matrices A Atoms or Molecular Substances Entrapped by Co‐Condensation at the Colloidization Step a Mixed Metal Oxides Xerogels and Aerogels b Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Interphase Catalysts B Molecular Substances Adsorbed or Entrapped at the Gelation Step a Functionalized Organic Catalysts b Inorganic Molecular Catalysts c Enzymes C Nanoparticles of Catalytic Phases Entrapped in Inorganic Porous Matrices a Metals b Other Inorganics c Functionalized and Templating Polymers Catalytic Coatings, Films, and Membranes Monolith Coating Microreactors Thin, Nanometric Catalytic Films Catalytic Membranes Summary

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