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Efficacy of Two Monoterpenoids, Carvacrol and Thymol, and Their Combinations against Eggs and Larvae of the West Nile Vector Culex pipiens

Mohammad Reza YoussefiDepartment of Veterinary Parasitology, Babol-Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol 484, IranMohaddeseh Abouhosseini TabariFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies, Amol 46131-46391, IranAryan EsfandiariYoung Researchers and Elite Club, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol 484, IranSohrab KazemiCellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 47176-47745, IranAli Akbar MoghadamniaCellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol 47176-47745, IranStefania SutDepartment of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, ItalyStefano Dall’AcquaDepartment of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35139 Padova, ItalyGiovanni BenelliDepartment of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, ItalyFilippo MaggiSchool of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy

2019en

ABI

Annotatsiya

Background: Insect vector control is facing the challenges of resistance development and environmental hazards caused by synthetic pesticides. This has led to a considerable market opportunity for botanical insecticides. In this scenario, our study investigated the potential of selected bioactive monoterpenoids, carvacrol and thymol, as safe and effective tools to control the West Nile vector Culex pipiens. Furthermore, the combined effect of thymol-carvacrol mixtures and their possible interactions were assessed. Methods: For determining larvicidal and ovicidal 50% lethal concentration (LC50), each monoterpenoid was tested at different concentrations (5–500 mg/L). Then, the fixed ratio method was used for evaluating their combinational efficacy. Results: Carvacrol was more toxic against larvae of Cx. pipiens, with a LC50 value of 14 mg/L, whereas thymol exhibited a LC50 value of 49 mg/L. Comparable trends of efficacy were observed when toxicity on Cx. pipiens eggs was investigated, with LC50 values of 7 and 13 mg/L for carvacrol and thymol, respectively. In combinational toxicity assays, the mixture thymol-carvacrol at 1:4 ratio achieved a synergistic effect against larvae of Cx. pipiens, whereas an additive effect was observed on eggs. Other ratios showed antagonistic effects. Conclusions: Overall, our findings pointed out that the 1:4 ratio of thymol-carvacrol blend can enhance the insecticidal efficacy on Cx. pipiens young instars and can be considered further as active ingredient for developing botanical insecticides to be used in mosquito control operations.

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Identifikatorlar

DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101867

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