Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles and their emerging applications in cancer imaging and therapy: a review

Abstract The green and eco-friendly synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) from renewable resources such as plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria has recently gained interest due to its use of sustainable feedstocks. This review presents an in-depth exploration of AuNP synthesis methods and their applications in cancer imaging and therapy. We examine the mechanisms behind various physical and chemical techniques used to synthesize AuNPs, with a special focus on the unique biomedical applications of green-synthesized AuNPs in diagnostic and therapeutic platforms, such as imaging and targeted therapy. Although promising, green synthesis of AuNPs faces challenges, including variability in particle size, limitations in morphology control, and scalability issues, which need to be addressed to fully harness their potential. This review also demonstrates that AuNPs can be loaded with anticancer agents to create targeted drug delivery vehicles for tumor treatment. As nanotechnology drives revolutionary advances in healthcare, AuNPs offer a promising toolkit for medical progress. However, a fundamental understanding of AuNPs and rigorous risk assessments in diagnostics, imaging, and therapeutic applications are essential to enable their safe and effective use in clinical settings.

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