Design, upgrade and characterization of the silicon photomultiplier front-end for the AMIGA detector at the Pierre Auger Observatory
A. AabIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsP. AbreuLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL, Lisboa, PortugalM. AgliettaINFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyJ.M. AlburyUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaI. AllekotteCentro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, ArgentinaA. AlmelaInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaJ. Alvarez-MuñizInstituto Galego de Física de Altas Enerxías (IGFAE), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, SpainR. Alves BatistaIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsG.A. AnastasiINFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyL. AnchordoquiDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY, U.S.AB. AndradaInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaS. AndringaLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL, Lisboa, PortugalC. AramoINFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, ItalyP.R. Araújo FerreiraRWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyH. AsoreyInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaP. AssisLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL, Lisboa, PortugalG. AvilaObservatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, ArgentinaA.M. BadescuUniversity Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, RomaniaA. BakalovaInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicA. Balaceanu“Horia Hulubei” National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, RomaniaF. BarbatoINFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, ItalyR.J. Barreira LuzLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL, Lisboa, PortugalK.H. BeckerBergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, GermanyJ.A. BellidoUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaC. BeratUniv. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, FranceM.E. BertainaINFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyX. BertouCentro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, ArgentinaP.L. BiermannMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, GermanyT. BisterRWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyJ. BiteauUniversité Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, Orsay, FranceJ. BlazekInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicC. BleveUniv. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, FranceM. BoháčováInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicD. BoncioliINFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), ItalyC. BonifaziUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilL. Bonneau ArbeletcheUniversidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, SP, BrazilN. BorodaiInstitute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, PolandA.M. BottiInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaJ. BrackColorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, U.S.AT. BretzRWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyF.L. BriechleRWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyP. BuchholzUniversität Siegen, Department Physik—Experimentelle Teilchenphysik, Siegen, GermanyA. BuenoUniversidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, SpainS. BuitinkVrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, BelgiumM. BuscemiINFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, ItalyK.S. Caballero-MoraUniversidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, MéxicoL. CaccianigaINFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, ItalyF. CanforaIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsI. CaracasBergische Universität Wuppertal, Department of Physics, Wuppertal, GermanyJ.M. CarcellerUniversidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, SpainR. CarusoINFN, Sezione di Catania, Catania, ItalyA. CastellinaINFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyF. CatalaniUniversidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, SP, BrazilG. CataldiINFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyL. CazonLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL, Lisboa, PortugalM. CerdaObservatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, ArgentinaJ.A. ChinellatoUniversidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, BrazilK. ChoiUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, BelgiumJ. ChudobaInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicL. ChytkaPalacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech RepublicR.W. ClayUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaA.C. Cobos CeruttiInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), and Universidad Tecnológica Nacional—Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, ArgentinaR. ColalilloINFN, Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, ItalyA. ColemanUniversity of Delaware, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Bartol Research Institute, Newark, DE, U.S.AM.R. ColucciaINFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyR. ConceiçãoLaboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas—LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico—IST, Universidade de Lisboa—UL, Lisboa, PortugalA. CondorelliGran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, ItalyG. ConsolatiINFN, Sezione di Milano, Milano, ItalyF. ContrerasObservatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, ArgentinaF. ConvengaINFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyC.E. CovaultCase Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, U.S.AS. DassoDepartamento de Física and Departamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaK. DaumillerKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyB.R. DawsonUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaJ.A. DayUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., AustraliaR.M. de AlmeidaUniversidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, RJ, BrazilJ. de JesúsInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaS.J. de JongIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsG. De MauroIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsJ.R.T. de Mello NetoUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Observatório do Valongo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilI. De MitriGran Sasso Science Institute, L'Aquila, ItalyJ. de OliveiraUniversidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, RJ, BrazilD. de Oliveira FrancoUniversidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, BrazilV. de SouzaUniversidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, BrazilE. De VitoINFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyJ. DebatinKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Experimental Particle Physics (ETP), Karlsruhe, GermanyM. del RíoObservatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, ArgentinaO. DelignyUniversité Paris-SaclayA. Di MatteoINFN, Sezione di Torino, Torino, ItalyC. DobrigkeitUniversidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, BrazilJ.C. D'OlivoUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., MéxicoR.C. dos AnjosUniversidade Federal do Paraná, Setor Palotina, Palotina, BrazilM.T. DovaIFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, ArgentinaJ. EbrInstitute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech RepublicR. EngelKarlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Astroparticle Physics, Karlsruhe, GermanyI. EpicocoINFN, Sezione di Lecce, Lecce, ItalyM. ErdmannRWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, GermanyC.O. EscobarFermi National Accelerator Laboratory, U.S.AA. EtchegoyenInstituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires, ArgentinaH. FalckeIMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
2021en
ABI
Annotatsiya
: AMIGA (Auger Muons and Infill for the Ground Array) is an upgrade of the Pierre Auger Observatory to complement the study of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECR) by measuring the muon content of extensive air showers (EAS). It consists of an array of 61 water Cherenkov detectors on a denser spacing in combination with underground scintillation detectors used for muon density measurement. Each detector is composed of three scintillation modules, with 10 m 2 detection area per module, buried at 2.3 m depth, resulting in a total detection area of 30 m 2 . Silicon photomultiplier sensors (SiPM) measure the amount of scintillation light generated by charged particles traversing the modules. In this paper, the design of the front-end electronics to process the signals of those SiPMs and test results from the laboratory and from the Pierre Auger Observatory are described. Compared to our previous prototype, the new electronics shows a higher performance, higher efficiency and lower power consumption, and it has a new acquisition system with increased dynamic range that allows measurements closer to the shower core. The new acquisition system is based on the measurement of the total charge signal that the muonic component of the cosmic ray shower generates in the detector.
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