SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS OF WATER RESOURCES IN RIVER BASINS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH NATURAL FACTORS: EVIDENCE FROM MAJOR RIVERS OF UZBEKISTAN

Water availability in Uzbekistan exhibits strong spatial heterogeneity because runoff is generated mainly in high-elevation water‑tower zones (Tien Shan and Gissar‑Alay mountains and their foothills) and then transported into arid lowlands where climatic losses and water demand intensify scarcity. This article synthesizes basin‑scale evidence on the spatial distribution of water resources across major river systems influencing Uzbekistan (Amu Darya, Syr Darya, Zarafshan, Chirchiq, and selected internal basins) and explains how natural factors (orography, precipitation and temperature gradients, cryosphere dynamics, basin hypsometry, and geomorphology) control runoff formation, seasonality, and downstream attenuation.

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