URINARY BLADDER STONES AND KIDNEY STONES: CLINICAL FEATURES, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

Urolithiasis is a common disorder of the urinary system characterized by the formation of solid calculi in different parts of the urinary tract. Kidney stones and bladder stones represent the most frequent clinical forms of this condition. These stones may lead to severe pain, urinary obstruction, infection, and kidney damage if not properly treated. The aim of this article is to review the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and modern treatment strategies for kidney and bladder stones. Advances in imaging technologies and minimally invasive surgical techniques have significantly improved the management of this disease.

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