Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans
Iosif LazaridisBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USANick PattersonBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USAAlissa MittnikUniversity of Tübingen, Tübingen, GermanyGabriel RenaudMax Planck Society, Munich, GermanySwapan MallickBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USAKarola KirsanowJohannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, GermanyPeter H. SudmantUniversity of Washington, Seattle, United StatesJoshua G. SchraiberUniversity of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United StatesSergi CastellanoMax Planck Society, Munich, GermanyMark LipsonMassachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United StatesBonnie BergerBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USAChristos EconomouStockholm University, Stockholm, SwedenRuth BollonginoJohannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, GermanyQiaomei FuDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USAKirsten I. BosUniversity of Tübingen, Tübingen, GermanySusanne NordenfeltBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USAHeng LiBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USACesare de FilippoMax Planck Society, Munich, GermanyKay PrüferMax Planck Society, Munich, GermanySusanna SawyerMax Planck Society, Munich, GermanyCosimo PosthUniversity of Tübingen, Tübingen, GermanyWolfgang HaakUniversity of Adelaide, Adelaide, AustraliaFredrik HallgrenHeritage Foundation, Washington D.C., United StatesElin FornanderHeritage Foundation, Washington D.C., United StatesNadin RohlandBroad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USADominique DelsateNational Museum of Natural History, Washington, United StatesMichael FranckenUniversity of Tübingen, Tübingen, GermanyJean-Michel GuinetNational Museum of Natural History, Washington, United StatesJoachim WahlGeorge AyodoHamza A. BabikerSultan Qaboos University, Muscat, OmanGraciela BaillietElena BalanovskaOleg BalanovskyRamiro BarrantesUniversidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa RicaGabriel BedoyaUniversidad de Antioquia, Medellín, ColombiaHaim Ben‐AmiRambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, IsraelJudit BeneUniversity of Pecs, Pécs, HungaryFouad BerradaAl Akhawayn University, Ifrane, MoroccoCláudio M. BraviFrancesca BrisighelliUniversità Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, ItalyGeorge BusbyUniversity of Oxford, Oxford, United KingdomFrancesco Calı̀Mikhail ChurnosovBelgorod National Research University, Belgorod, RussiaDavid E.C. ColeUniversity of Toronto, Toronto, CanadaDaniel CorachUniversity of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaLarissa D. DambaGeorge van DriemUniversity of Bern, Bern, SwitzerlandStanislav DryomovRussian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, RussiaJean‐Michel DugoujonUniversité Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, FranceС.А. ФедороваNorth-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, RussiaIrene Gallego RomeroUniversity of Chicago, Chicago, United StatesMarina GubinaMichael F. HammerUniversity of Arizona, Tucson, United StatesBrenna M. HennStony Brook University, Stony Brook, United StatesTor HervigUniversity of Bergen, Bergen, NorwayUğur HodoğlugilIllumina (United States), San Diego, United StatesAashish R. JhaUniversity of Chicago, Chicago, United StatesSena Karachanak-YankovaMedical University of Sofia, Sofia, BulgariaР. И. ХусаиноваBashkir State University, Ufa, RussiaЭ. К. ХуснутдиноваBashkir State University, Ufa, RussiaRick A. KittlesUniversity of Arizona, Tucson, United StatesToomas KivisildUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, United KingdomWilliam KlitzUniversity of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United StatesVaidutis KučinskasVilnius University, Vilnius, LithuaniaAlena KushniarevichEstonian Biocentre, Tartu, EstoniaLeila LaredjUniversité de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, FranceSergey LitvinovEstonian Biocentre, Tartu, EstoniaTheologos LoukidisUniversity College London, London, United KingdomRobert W. MahleyGladstone Institutes, San Francisco, United StatesBéla MeleghUniversity of Pecs, Pécs, HungaryEne MetspaluUniversity of Tartu, Tartu, EstoniaJulio MolinaJoanna L. MountainKlemetti NäkkäläjärviUniversity of Oulu, Oulu, FinlandDesislava NeshevaMedical University of Sofia, Sofia, BulgariaThomas NyamboMuhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, TanzaniaL. P. OsipovaJüri ParikUniversity of Tartu, Tartu, EstoniaФедор Алексеевич ПлатоновNorth-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, RussiaOlga L. PosukhValentino RomanoUniversity of Palermo, Palermo, ItalyFrancisco RothhammerUniversity of Chile, Santiago, ChileIgor RudanUniversity of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United KingdomRuslan RuizbakievAcademy of Sciences Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, UzbekistanHovhannes SahakyanEstonian Biocentre, Tartu, EstoniaAntti SajantilaUniversity of North Texas, Denton, United StatesAntonio SalasUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, SpainElena B. StarikovskayaRussian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, RussiaAyele TarekegnДрага ТончеваMedical University of Sofia, Sofia, BulgariaShahlo ТurdikulovaAcademy of Sciences Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, UzbekistanIngrida UktverytėVilnius University, Vilnius, LithuaniaOlga UtevskaV. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv, UkraineRené VásquezHigher University of San Andrés, La Paz, BoliviaMercedes VillenaHigher University of San Andrés, La Paz, BoliviaМ. И. ВоеводаNovosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, RussiaCheryl A. WinklerLeidos (United States), Reston, United StatesLevon YepiskoposyanNational Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Yerevan, ArmeniaPierre ZallouaLebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
ABI
Abstract
We sequenced genomes from a ∼7,000 year old early farmer from Stuttgart in Germany, an ∼8,000 year old hunter-gatherer from Luxembourg, and seven ∼8,000 year old hunter-gatherers from southern Sweden. We analyzed these data together with other ancient genomes and 2,345 contemporary humans to show that the great majority of present-day Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: West European Hunter-Gatherers (WHG), who contributed ancestry to all Europeans but not to Near Easterners; Ancient North Eurasians (ANE), who were most closely related to Upper Paleolithic Siberians and contributed to both Europeans and Near Easterners; and Early European Farmers (EEF), who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harbored WHG-related ancestry. We model these populations’ deep relationships and show that EEF had ∼44% ancestry from a “Basal Eurasian” lineage that split prior to the diversification of all other non-African lineages.
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