The Surface-Topography Challenge: A Multi-Laboratory Benchmark Study to Advance the Characterization of Topography
Asima PradhanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O'Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USAMartin H. MüserDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Saarland University, Campus C6 3, 66123 Saarbrücken, GermanyN. MillerDepartment of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O'Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USAJuan Pablo AbdelnabeIFISUR, Universidad Nacional del Sur/CONICET, Av. Alem 1253, Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, CP 8000 ArgentinaLuciano AfferranteDepartment of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, Bari, 70125 ItalyDavid F. AlbertiniCNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, INL, UMR 5270, Bldg I. Joliot Curie, 1 rue Enrico Fermi, 69622 Villeurbanne, FranceDiego A. AldaveDepartamento de Fí-sica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, SpainLuciana AlgieriDepartment of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Centro Ecotekne Pal. O - S.P. 6, 73100 Monteroni-Lecce, ItalyNehal AliDepartment of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USAAndreas AlmqvistDivision of Machine Elements, Department of Engineering Science and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, SwedenTobias AmannFraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials IWM, Tribology, Wöhlerstr. 11, 79108 Freiburg, GermanyPablo AresDepartamento de Fí-sica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, SpainBizan N. BalzerCluster of Excellence livMatS, Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, GermanyLoren BaughDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, 354 War Eagle Way, Wiggins Hall, AL Auburn, 36849 USAEric BerberichDepartment of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Miami University, 650 E High St, Oxford, OH 45056 USAMarcus BjörlingDivision of Machine Elements, Department of Engineering Science and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, SwedenM. S. BobjiMechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, C V Raman Ave, Bengaluru, 560012 IndiaFrancesco BottiglioneDepartment of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, Bari, 70125 ItalyBoris BrodmannOptoSurf GmbH, Nobelstr. 9-13, 76275 Ettlingen, GermanyWeiping CaiSchool of Food Science and Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Bio-process (Ministry of Education), Hefei University of Technology, Tunxi Road. 193, 230009 Hefei, Anhui Province ChinaGiuseppe CarboneDepartment of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, Bari, 70125 ItalyRobert W. CarpickMechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, 220 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6315 USAFelix CassinDepartment of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O'Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USAJuliette Cayer-BarriozLTDS, CNRS UMR5513, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69130 Ecully, FranceM. I. ChowdhuryDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, 5 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USAM. CiavarellaDepartment of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, Bari, 70125 ItalyErtuğrul CihanCenter for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), TU Dresden, 01069 Dresden, GermanyDaowu HuangSaint-Gobain Omniseal Solutions, Heiveldekens 22, 2550 Kontich, BelgiumEmilie DelplanqueLTDS, CNRS UMR5513, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69130 Ecully, FranceAlexander DeptulaDepartment of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USASylvie DescartesInstitut National des Sciences Appliquées de LyonAli DhinojwalaSchool of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, 170 University Ave, Akron, OH 44325 USAMartin DienwiebelInstitute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, GermanyDaniele DiniDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Exhibition Road, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ United KingdomAlison C. DunnDepartment of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, 1064 Center Drive, Building NEB Room 181, Gainesville, FL 32611 USAC. A. EdwardsWalker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 204 E. Dean Keeton, Austin, TX 78712-1591 USAMelih EritenDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1513 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706 USAAmal M. K. EsawiDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, The American University in Cairo, AUC Avenue, P.O. Box 74, New Cairo, 11835 EgyptRosa M. Espinosa‐MarzalDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USAL. FangMechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, 220 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6315 USAAfshin FatemiRobert Bosch GmbH, Robert-Bosch-Campus 1, Renningen, 71272 GermanyC FiddFAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Mech. Eng. Dept, 2003 Levy Ave, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USADaniela GabrielCurrenta GmbH & Co. OHG, Surface and Solid-State Analytics, CHEMPARK Leverkusen, 51368 Leverkusen, GermanyFabrice GaslainCentre des matériaux, MINES Paris - PSL, CNRS UMR 7633, 21 allée des Marronniers, 78000 Versailles, FranceG. GiordanoDepartment of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, Bari, 70125 ItalyJulio Gómez‐HerreroDepartamento de Fí-sica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, C/ Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049 Madrid, SpainLionel C. GontardBD Medical-Pharmaceutical Systems, 11 Rue Aristide-Verges, 38801 Le Pont de Claix, FranceNitya Nand GosvamiDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi Delhi, 110016 IndiaG. GreenwoodDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USAChristian GreinerTomas GrejtakMaterials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USAAhmed A. HarounDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, The American University in Cairo, AUC Avenue, P.O. Box 74, New Cairo, 11835 EgyptMehedi HasanDivision of Machine Elements, Department of Engineering Science and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, SwedenSandrine HoppeCurrenta GmbH & Co. OHG, Surface and Solid-State Analytics, CHEMPARK Leverkusen, 51368 Leverkusen, GermanyLucio IsaDepartment of Materials, ETH Zürich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, SwitzerlandRobert L. JacksonDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, 354 War Eagle Way, Wiggins Hall, AL Auburn, 36849 USASoohwan JangDepartment of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USAO. JohnsonWalker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 204 E. Dean Keeton, Austin, TX 78712-1591 USAFlorian KaiserTribology Department, Freudenberg Technology Innovation SE & Co.KG, Höhnerweg 2-4, 69469 Weinheim, GermanyMitjan KalinLaboratory for Tribology and Interface Nanotechnology (TINT), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerceva cesta 6, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaKalle KalliorinneDivision of Machine Elements, Department of Engineering Science and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, SwedenP H KaranjkarSchool of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, 170 University Ave, Akron, OH 44325 USAS. H. KimDepartment of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USAS KinzelbergerMikrotribologie Centrum µTC, Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials IWM, Rintheimer Querallee 2b, 76131 Karlsruhe, GermanyPetr KlapetekCEITEC, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech RepublicBrandon A. KrickFAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Mech. Eng. Dept, 2003 Levy Ave, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USAC. Ganesh KumarMaterials and Manufacturing Research Group, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ United KingdomN. SatheeshkumarScience and Technology Division, Corning Incorporated, 184 Science Center Dr, Painted Post, NY 14870 USASantosh KumarSchool of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, 170 University Ave, Akron, OH 44325 USAParker LaMascusMechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, 220 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6315 USARoland LarssonDivision of Machine Elements, Department of Engineering Science and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, SwedenPeter LauxFraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, Georges-Köhler-Allee 301, 79110 Freiburg, GermanyMyungwon LEEDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 W. Green St., Urbana, IL 61801 USAP. M. LeeSouthwest Research Institute, 6220 Culebra Rd, San Antonio, TX 78238 USAWonjun LeeDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1513 University Ave, Madison, WI 53706 USACyrian LericheAdvanced Research Center for NanoLithography, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 106, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The NetherlandsJiawei LiDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 205 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USAYing LiDepartment of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USAY. S. LiDepartment of Chemical Engineering and Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USAA.A. LubrechtLaMCoS, UMR 5259, INSA Lyon, CNRS, Bldg S. Germain, 27bis Ave. Jean Capelle, 69621 Villeurbanne, FranceI. A. LyashenkoDepartment of System Dynamics and Friction Physics, Institute of Mechanics, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, GermanyChaoyong MaChair of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Technical University Dresden, BudapesMaterials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA ter Str. 27, 01069 Dresden, GermanyTiantian MaState Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, No.1, Section 4, Chengfu Road, 100084 Beijing Haidian District, ChinaFarouk MaaboudallahDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Bd de l'Université, QC Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1 CanadaSarmad Nozad MahmoodDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, 311 W Magnolia Ave, Gavin Research Laboratory, Auburn, AL 36849 USAFilippo MangoliniWalker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 204 E. Dean Keeton, Austin, TX 78712-1591 USAMax MarianDepartment of Mechanical and Metallurgical Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, 6904411 ChileDenis MazuyerLTDS, CNRS UMR5513, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 36 Avenue Guy de Collongue, 69130 Ecully, FranceYuan MengState Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, No.1, Section 4, Chengfu Road, 100084 Beijing Haidian District, ChinaNicola MengaDepartment of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, Bari, 70125 ItalyToby MillerCharacterization Department, Freudenberg Technology Innovation SE & Co.KG, Höhnerweg 2-4, 69469 Weinheim, GermanyDaniel M. MulvihillMaterials and Manufacturing Research Group, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ United KingdomMohamed NajahDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Bd de l'Université, QC Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1 CanadaDavid NečasCEITEC, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech RepublicChristos I. PapadopoulosSchool of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechniou Street, 15710 Zografos, GreeceA. PapangeloDepartment of Mechanics, Mathematics and Management, Polytechnic University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, Bari, 70125 ItalyMuriel de PauliPolytec GmbH, Polytecplatz 1-7, 76337 Waldbronn, GermanyB. N. J. PerssonPeter Grünberg Institute (PGI-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, GermanyA. PetersonDepartment of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 1 University Ave., Ball 213, Lowell, MA 01854 USAAngela A. PitenisMaterials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
ABI
Abstract
a, the average absolute deviation of the height from the mean line (at some, not necessarily known or specified, lateral length scale). However, other parameters, particularly those that are scale-dependent, influence surface and interfacial properties; for example the local surface slope is critical for visual appearance, friction, and wear. The present Surface-Topography Challenge was launched to raise awareness for the need of a multi-scale description, but also to assess the reliability of different metrology techniques. In the resulting international collaborative effort, 153 scientists and engineers from 64 research groups and companies across 20 countries characterized statistically equivalent samples from two different surfaces: a "rough" and a "smooth" surface. The results of the 2088 measurements constitute the most comprehensive surface description ever compiled. We find wide disagreement across measurements and techniques when the lateral scale of the measurement is ignored. Consensus is established through scale-dependent parameters while removing data that violates an established resolution criterion and deviates from the majority measurements at each length scale. Our findings suggest best practices for characterizing and specifying topography. The public release of the accumulated data and presented analyses enables global reuse for further scientific investigation and benchmarking. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11249-025-02014-y.
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