On the Square Speed of Sound in High‐Energy Collisions: Range of Values and How to Understand It
Tingting DuanInstitute of Theoretical Physics , State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics Technologies and Devices & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , China , sxu.edu.cnF. H. LiuInstitute of Theoretical Physics , State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics Technologies and Devices & Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics , Shanxi University , Taiyuan , China , sxu.edu.cnKhusniddin K. OlimovDepartment of Natural Sciences , National University of Science and Technology MISIS (NUST MISIS) , Almalyk Branch, Almalyk , Uzbekistan
ABI
Abstract
After reviewing the sound speeds in various forms and conditions of matter, we investigate the sound speed of hadronic matter that has decoupled from the hot and dense system formed during high‐energy collisions. We comprehensively consider factors such as energy loss of the incident beam, rapidity shift of leading nucleons, and the Landau hydrodynamic model for hadron production. The sound speed is related to the width or standard deviation of the Gaussian rapidity distribution of hadrons. The extracted square speed of sound lies within a range from 0 to 1/3 in most cases. For scenarios exceeding this limit, we also provide an explanation.
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