GRANDMA observations of ZTF/<i>Fink</i> transients during summer 2021
V. AivazyanE. Kharadze Georgian National Astrophysical Observatory , Mt. Kanobili, Abastumani, Adigeni 0301, Georgia; Ilia State University, Kakutsa Cholokashvili ave 3/5, Tbilisi 0162, GeorgiaMouza AlmuallaAmerican University of Sharjah, Physics Department , PO Box 26666 Sharjah, UAES. AntierArtemis, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, Université Côte d’Azur , Boulevard de l’Observatoire, F-06304 Nice, FranceA. BaranskyAstronomical Observatory Taras Shevshenko National University of Kyiv , Observatorna str. 3, UA-04053 Kyiv, UkraineK. BarynovaPhysics Department, University of Iceland , Sæmundargata 2, 102 Reykjavík, IcelandS. BasaAix Marseille Univ , CNRS, CNES, LAM, IPhU, F-13007 Marseille, FranceF BayardSociété Astronomique de Lyon , 9 Avenue Charles André, F-69230 Saint Genis Laval, FranceS. BeradzeE. Kharadze Georgian National Astrophysical Observatory , Mt. Kanobili, Abastumani, Adigeni 0301, Georgia; Ilia State University, Kakutsa Cholokashvili ave 3/5, Tbilisi 0162, GeorgiaD. BerezinICAMER Observatory of NAS of Ukraine 27 Acad. Zabolotnoho Str., UA-03143 Kyiv, UkraineM. BłażekInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC) , Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, SpainD. BoutignyUniversité Grenoble-Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc , CNRS/IN2P3 Laboratoire d’Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des particules, F-74940, FranceD BoustGroupe Astronomique de Querqueville , 61, rue Roger Glinel, F-50460 Cherbourg en cotentin, FranceE. BroensVereniging Voor Sterrenkunde , Balen-Neetlaan 18A, B-2400 Mol, BelgiumО. БурхоновUlugh Beg Astronomical Institute, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences , Astronomy str. 33, Tashkent 100052, UzbekistanA. CailleauMP-G2A , Midi Pyrénées, Groud Astrophysic Addict, F-81570 Cuq, FranceN. ChristensenArtemis, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, Université Côte d’Azur , Boulevard de l’Observatoire, F-06304 Nice, FranceD CejudoA. ColeiroUniversité de Paris , CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, FranceM. W. CoughlinSchool of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, MN 55455, USAD DatashviliE. Kharadze Georgian National Astrophysical Observatory , Mt. Kanobili, Abastumani, Adigeni 0301, Georgia; Ilia State University, Kakutsa Cholokashvili ave 3/5, Tbilisi 0162, GeorgiaTim DietrichInstitute for Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam , D-14476 Potsdam, GermanyF. DolonOHP , Observatoire de Haute-Provence, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, Institut Pythéas, St Michel l’Observatoire, F-04870, FranceJ-G DucoinIJCLab, Univ Paris-Saclay , CNRS/IN2P3, F-91400Orsay, FranceP-A DuverneIJCLab, Univ Paris-Saclay , CNRS/IN2P3, F-91400Orsay, FranceG Marchal-DuvalIJCLab, Univ Paris-Saclay , CNRS/IN2P3, F-91400Orsay, FranceC. GaldiesInstitute of Earth Systems, University of Malta , MSD 2080, MaltaL. GranierV. GodunovaICAMER Observatory of NAS of Ukraine 27 Acad. Zabolotnoho Str., UA-03143 Kyiv, UkraineP. GokuldassDepartment of Chemical and Physical Sciences, The University of the Virgin Islands, US-VI 00802, USAH.-B. EggensteinVolkssternwarte Paderborn , Im Schloßpark 13, D-33104 Paderborn, GermanyM FreebergP. HelloIJCLab, Univ Paris-Saclay , CNRS/IN2P3, F-91400Orsay, FranceR. InasaridzeE. Kharadze Georgian National Astrophysical Observatory , Mt. Kanobili, Abastumani, Adigeni 0301, Georgia; Ilia State University, Kakutsa Cholokashvili ave 3/5, Tbilisi 0162, GeorgiaÉmille E. O. IshidaLPC, Université Clermont Auvergne , CNES/IN2P3, F-63170 Aubière, FranceP JaquieryД. А. КаннInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC) , Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, SpainG. V. KapanadzeE. Kharadze Georgian National Astrophysical Observatory , Mt. Kanobili, Abastumani, Adigeni 0301, Georgia; Ilia State University, Kakutsa Cholokashvili ave 3/5, Tbilisi 0162, GeorgiaС. КарповFZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Na Slovance 1999/2, CZ-182 21 Praha, Czech RepublicW. KiendrébéogoArtemis, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, Université Côte d’Azur , Boulevard de l’Observatoire, F-06304 Nice, FranceA. KlotzIRAP, Université de Toulouse , CNRS, UPS, 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, FranceR. KneipContern Observatory , L-5316 Contern, LuxembourgN. KochiashviliE. Kharadze Georgian National Astrophysical Observatory , Mt. Kanobili, Abastumani, Adigeni 0301, Georgia; Ilia State University, Kakutsa Cholokashvili ave 3/5, Tbilisi 0162, GeorgiaW. KouBeijing Planetarium, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology , Beijing 100044, ChinaF. KugelObservatoire de Dauban , 04 Banon - F-13010, FranceC. LachaudUniversité de Paris , CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, FranceS. LeoniniA. LeroyN. LeroyIJCLab, Univ Paris-Saclay , CNRS/IN2P3, F-91400Orsay, FranceAnlong SuOHP , Observatoire de Haute-Provence, CNRS, Aix Marseille University, Institut Pythéas, St Michel l’Observatoire, F-04870, FranceD. MarchaisM. MašekFZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Na Slovance 1999/2, CZ-182 21 Praha, Czech RepublicT. MidavaineUniversité de Paris , CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, FranceA. MöllerCentre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology , Mail Number H29, PO Box 218, 31122 Hawthorn, VIC, AustraliaDavid C. MorrisDepartment of Chemical and Physical Sciences, The University of the Virgin Islands, US-VI 00802, USAR. NatsvlishviliE. Kharadze Georgian National Astrophysical Observatory , Mt. Kanobili, Abastumani, Adigeni 0301, Georgia; Ilia State University, Kakutsa Cholokashvili ave 3/5, Tbilisi 0162, GeorgiaFelipe NavareteOAR Telescope/NSF’s NOIRLab , Avda Juan Cisternas 1500, 1700000 La Serena, ChileK. NoysenaNational Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (Public Organization), 260, Moo 4, T. Donkaew, A. Mae Rim, Chiang Mai 50180, ThailandS. NissankeGRAPPA, Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy and Institute of High-Energy Physics, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, the NetherlandsK. NoonanN. Brice OrangeJ. PelotonIJCLab, Univ Paris-Saclay , CNRS/IN2P3, F-91400Orsay, FranceAdam PopowiczDepartment of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Microelectronics, Silesian University of Technology , Gliwice, PolandT. PradierUniversité de Strasbourg , CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, F-67000 Strasbourg, FranceM. ProuzaFZU - Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Na Slovance 1999/2, CZ-182 21 Praha, Czech RepublicG. RaaijmakersGRAPPA, Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy and Institute of High-Energy Physics, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam, the NetherlandsY RajabovUlugh Beg Astronomical Institute, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences , Astronomy str. 33, Tashkent 100052, UzbekistanM. RichmondSchool of Physics and Astronomy, Rochester Institute of Technology , 84 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, USAYa. O. RomanyukMain Astronomical Observatory of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine , 27 Acad. Zabolotnoho Str., UA-03143 Kyiv, UkraineL RousselotSociété Astronomique Populaire du Centre , 40 grande rue, F-18340 Arçay, FranceT. SadibekovaUlugh Beg Astronomical Institute, Uzbekistan Academy of Sciences , Astronomy str. 33, Tashkent 100052, UzbekistanM. SerrauObservatoire de Dauban , 04 Banon - F-13010, FranceO SokoliukAstronomical Observatory Taras Shevshenko National University of Kyiv , Observatorna str. 3, UA-04053 Kyiv, UkraineX. Y. SongBeijing Academy of Science and TechnologyA. SimonAstronomy and Space Physics Department , Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Glushkova ave., 4, UA-03022 Kyiv , UkraineC. StachieArtemis, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, Université Côte d’Azur , Boulevard de l’Observatoire, F-06304 Nice, FranceAndrew M. TaylorDeep Sky Chile , Pichasca, Rio Hurtado 1870000, ChileYusufjon TillayevNational University of Uzbekistan , 4 University str., Tashkent 100174, UzbekistanD. TurpinUniversité Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité , CEA, CNRS, AIM, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, FranceM. VardosanidzeE. Kharadze Georgian National Astrophysical Observatory , Mt. Kanobili, Abastumani, Adigeni 0301, Georgia; Ilia State University, Kakutsa Cholokashvili ave 3/5, Tbilisi 0162, GeorgiaJuliette VliegheIJCLab, Univ Paris-Saclay , CNRS/IN2P3, F-91400Orsay, FranceI. Tosta e MeloINFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud , I-95125 Catania, ItalyX. F. WangBeijing Planetarium, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology , Beijing 100044, ChinaJin-Ping ZhuBeijing Planetarium, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology , Beijing 100044, China
ABI
Abstract
ABSTRACT We present our follow-up observations with GRANDMA of transient sources revealed by the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF). Over a period of six months, all ZTF alerts were examined in real time by a dedicated science module implemented in the Fink broker, which will be used in filtering of transients discovered by the Vera C. Rubin Observatory. In this article, we present three selection methods to identify kilonova candidates. Out of more than 35 million alerts, a hundred sources have passed our selection criteria. Six were then followed-up by GRANDMA (by both professional and amateur astronomers). The majority were finally classified either as asteroids or as supernovae events. We mobilized 37 telescopes, bringing together a large sample of images, taken under various conditions and quality. To complement the orphan kilonova candidates, we included three additional supernovae alerts to conduct further observations during summer 2021. We demonstrate the importance of the amateur astronomer community that contributed images for scientific analyses of new sources discovered in a magnitude range r′ = 17 − 19 mag. We based our rapid kilonova classification on the decay rate of the optical source that should exceed 0.3 mag d−1. GRANDMA’s follow-up determined the fading rate within 1.5 ± 1.2 d post-discovery, without waiting for further observations from ZTF. No confirmed kilonovae were discovered during our observing campaign. This work will be continued in the coming months in the view of preparing for kilonova searches in the next gravitational-wave observing run O4.
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