The persistent shadow of the supermassive black hole of M87
Kazunori AkiyamaBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USAEzequiel Albentosa-RuízDepartament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València, C. Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, València, SpainA. AlberdiInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, SpainW. AlefMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyJuan Carlos AlgabaDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaRichard AnantuaBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USAKeiichi AsadaInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 106216, Taiwan, ROCRebecca AzulayDepartament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València, C. Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, València, SpainU. BachMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyAnne-Kathrin BaczkoDepartment of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, SwedenDavid BallSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USAMislav BalokovićYale Center for Astronomy & Astrophysics, Yale University, 52 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT, 06511, USAB. BandyopadhyayAstronomy Department, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, ChileJ. BarrettMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA, 01886, USAMichi BauböckDepartment of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL, 61801, USAB. A. BensonDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USADan BintleyEast Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI, 96720, USALindy BlackburnBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USAR. BlundellCenter for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USAKatherine L. BoumanCalifornia Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USAGeoffrey C. BowerDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2505 Correa Road, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USAMichael BremerInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FranceRoger BrissendenBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USAS. BritzenMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyAvery E. BroderickDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, CanadaDominique BroguièreInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FranceThomas BronzwaerDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsSandra BustamanteDepartment of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USAJ. E. CarlstromDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USAAndrew ChaelPrinceton Gravity Initiative, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USAChi‐kwan ChanData Science Institute, University of Arizona, 1230 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USADominic O. ChangBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USAKoushik ChatterjeeBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USAShami ChatterjeeCornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USAMing‐Tang ChenInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 645 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI, 96720, USAYongjun ChenKey Laboratory of Radio Astronomy and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, A20 Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, PR ChinaXiaopeng ChengKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34055, Republic of KoreaIlje ChoDepartment of Astronomy, Yonsei University, Yonsei-ro 50, Seodaemun-gu, 03722 Seoul, Republic of KoreaPierre ChristianPhysics Department, Fairfield University, 1073 North Benson Road, Fairfield, CT, 06824, USANicholas S. ConroyCenter for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USAJ. E. ConwayDepartment of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, SwedenThomas M. CrawfordDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USAG. CrewMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA, 01886, USAAlejandro Cruz-OsorioMexico UYuzhu CuiResearch Center for Astronomical Computing, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou, 311100, People’s Republic of ChinaBrandon CurdBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USARohan DahaleInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, SpainJordy DavelaarDepartment of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USAMariafelicia De LaurentisDipartimento di Fisica “E. Pancini”, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126 Napoli, ItalyRoger DeaneCentre for Radio Astronomy Techniques and Technologies, Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South AfricaJessica DempseyASTRON, Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The NetherlandsG. DesvignesLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, FranceJason DexterJILA and Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USAVedant DhruvDepartment of Physics, University of Illinois, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL, 61801, USAIndu K. DihingiaTsung-Dao Lee Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shengrong Road 520, Shanghai, 201210, People’s Republic of ChinaSheperd S. DoelemanBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USASergio A. DzibInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FranceRalph P. EatoughMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyRazieh EmamiCenter for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USAH. FalckeDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsJoseph FarahDepartment of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-9530, USAVincent L. FishMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA, 01886, USAE. B. FomalontNational Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USAH. Alyson FordSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USAMarianna FoschiInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, SpainRaquel Fraga-EncinasDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsWilliam T. FreemanIBM Watson Res. CtrPer FribergEast Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI, 96720, USAChristian M. FrommInstitut für Theoretische Physik und Astrophysik, Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Str. 31, D-97074 Würzburg, GermanyAntonio FuentesInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, SpainPeter GalisonBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USACharles F. GammieDepartment of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL, 61801, USARoberto GarcíaInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FranceOlivier GentazInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM), 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d’Hères, FranceBoris GeorgievSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USAC. GoddiDipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, SP Monserrato-Sestu km 0.7, I-09042 Monserrato (CA), ItalyRoman GoldCP3-Origins, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense, DenmarkArturo I. Gómez-RuizConsejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencia y Tecnología, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, 03940 Ciudad de México, MexicoJosé L. GómezInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, SpainMinfeng GuKey Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200030, PR ChinaMark GurwellCenter for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USAKazuhiro HadaGraduate School of Science, Nagoya City University, Yamanohata 1, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, 467-8501 Aichi, JapanDaryl HaggardDepartment of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2T8, CanadaRonald HesperNOVA Sub-mm Instrumentation Group, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, The NetherlandsDirk HeumannSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USALuis C. HoDepartment of Astronomy, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR ChinaPaul T. P. HoEast Asian Observatory, 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI, 96720, USAMareki HonmaDepartment of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8588, JapanChih-Wei L. HuangInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 106216, Taiwan, ROCLei 磊 Huang 黄Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200030, PR ChinaD. H. HughesInstituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica, Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000 Puebla Pue., MexicoShiro IkedaDepartment of Statistical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8562, JapanC. M. Violette ImpellizzeriLeiden Observatory, Leiden University, Postbus 2300, 9513 RA Leiden, The NetherlandsMakoto InoueInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 106216, Taiwan, ROCSara IssaounCenter for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USAD. J. JamesASTRAVEO LLC, PO Box 1668 Gloucester, MA, 01931, USABuell T. JannuziSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USAMichaël JanssenDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsBritton JeterInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 106216, Taiwan, ROCWu JiangShanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai, 200030, PR China
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Аннотация
The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observation of M87 ∗ in 2018 has revealed a ring with a diameter that is consistent with the 2017 observation. The brightest part of the ring is shifted to the southwest from the southeast. In this paper, we provide theoretical interpretations for the multi-epoch EHT observations for M87 ∗ by comparing a new general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics model image library with the EHT observations for M87 ∗ in both 2017 and 2018. The model images include aligned and tilted accretion with parameterized thermal and nonthermal synchrotron emission properties. The 2018 observation again shows that the spin vector of the M87 ∗ supermassive black hole is pointed away from Earth. A shift of the brightest part of the ring during the multi-epoch observations can naturally be explained by the turbulent nature of black hole accretion, which is supported by the fact that the more turbulent retrograde models can explain the multi-epoch observations better than the prograde models. The EHT data are inconsistent with the tilted models in our model image library. Assuming that the black hole spin axis and its large-scale jet direction are roughly aligned, we expect the brightest part of the ring to be most commonly observed 90 deg clockwise from the forward jet. This prediction can be statistically tested through future observations.
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Показатели — AkademScholar · Скоро