On Extracting Thermal Parameters and Scenario in High‐Energy Collisions
Аннотация
The inconsistent thermal parameters derived from various models in high‐energy collisions are examined. A comprehensive literature review suggests model‐independent parameters to address these inconsistencies, based on the average transverse momentum 〈 p T 〉 and root‐mean‐square transverse momentum . The relevant parameters include the initial temperature , effective temperature T = 〈 p T 〉/2, kinetic freeze‐out temperature T 0 = 〈 p T 〉/6.14, and average transverse velocity β T = 〈 p T 〉/2〈 m 〉, where 〈 m 〉 is the average mass of moving particles in the emission source’s rest frame. Alternatively, T 0 can be seen as the intercept in the linear relationship between T and m 0 , while β T represents the slope between 〈 p T 〉 and 〈 m 〉 (with m 0 being the rest mass of a specified particle). Our findings show that these four parameters increase in central collisions, within central rapidity regions, at higher energies, and in larger collision systems. As collision energy rises, excitation functions for all four parameters increase rapidly below approximately 7.7 GeV but slowly above this threshold. At energies greater than 39 GeV, fluctuations appear in these trends with only minor changes observed in their growth rates. This work also reveals a mass‐dependent multitemperature scenario related to both initial states and kinetic freeze‐out processes.