First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VIII. Magnetic Field Structure near The Event Horizon
Kazunori AkiyamaNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanJuan Carlos AlgabaDepartment of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaA. AlberdiInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, SpainW. AlefMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyRichard AnantuaFlatiron InstituteKeiichi AsadaInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.CRebecca AzulayDepartament d'Astronomia i Astrofísica, Universitat de València, C. Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Burjassot, València, SpainAnne-Kathrin BaczkoMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyDavid BallSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USAMislav BalokovićYale Center for Astronomy & Astrophysics, 52 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USAJ. BarrettMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USAB. A. BensonDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USADan BintleyEast Asian Observatory, 660 North A'ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USALindy BlackburnBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAR. BlundellCenter for Astrophysics∣Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAW. BolandNederlandse Onderzoekschool voor Astronomie (NOVA), PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The NetherlandsKatherine L. BoumanBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAGeoffrey C. BowerHope BoyceDepartment of Physics, McGill University, 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2T8, CanadaMichael BremerInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, FranceChristiaan D. BrinkerinkDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsRoger BrissendenBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAS. BritzenMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyAvery E. BroderickPerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, ON, N2L 2Y5, CanadaDominique BroguièreInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, FranceThomas BronzwaerDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDo‐Young ByunKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daedeok-daero 776, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34055, Republic of KoreaJ. E. CarlstromDepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USAAndrew ChaelPrinceton Center for Theoretical Science, Jadwin Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USAChi‐kwan ChanData Science Institute, University of Arizona, 1230 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USAShami ChatterjeeCornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USAKoushik ChatterjeeAnton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsMing‐Tang ChenXiaopeng ChengPaul M. CheslerBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAIlje ChoUniversity of Science and Technology, Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of KoreaPierre ChristianPhysics Department, Fairfield University, 1073 North Benson Road, Fairfield, CT 06824, USAJ. E. ConwayDepartment of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, SE-43992 Onsala, SwedenJ. M. CordesCornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USAT. M. CrawfordKavli Institute for Cosmological Physics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USAG. CrewMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USAAlejandro Cruz-OsorioInstitut für Theoretische Physik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyYuzhu CuiMizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Mizusawa, Oshu, Iwate 023-0861, JapanJordy DavelaarDepartment of Astronomy and Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University, 550 W 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USAMariafelicia De LaurentisDipartimento di Fisica "E. Pancini," Universitá di Napoli "Federico II", Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Napoli, ItalyRoger DeaneCentre for Radio Astronomy Techniques and Technologies, Department of Physics and Electronics, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South AfricaJessica DempseyEast Asian Observatory, 660 North A'ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USAG. DesvignesLESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon, FranceJason DexterJILA and Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USASheperd S. DoelemanCenter for Astrophysics∣Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USARalph P. EatoughMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyH. FalckeDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsJoseph FarahCenter for Astrophysics∣Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAVincent L. FishMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USAE. B. FomalontNational Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USAH. Alyson FordSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USARaquel Fraga-EncinasDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsPer FribergEast Asian Observatory, 660 North A'ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USAChristian M. FrommCenter for Astrophysics∣Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAAntonio FuentesInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, SpainPeter GalisonDepartment of History of Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USACharles F. GammieDepartment of Astronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USARoberto GarcíaInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, FranceZachary GellesBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAOlivier GentazInstitut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique, 300 rue de la Piscine, F-38406 Saint Martin d'Hères, FranceBoris GeorgievDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, CanadaC. GoddiDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsRoman GoldCP3-Origins, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, DenmarkJosé L. GómezInstituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada, SpainArturo I. Gómez-RuizCP3-Origins, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, DenmarkMinfeng GuMark GurwellCenter for Astrophysics∣Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAKazuhiro HadaDepartment of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanDaryl HaggardMcGill Space Institute, McGill University, 3550 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2A7, CanadaM. H. HechtMassachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory, 99 Millstone Road, Westford, MA 01886, USARonald HesperNOVA Sub-mm Instrumentation Group, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Landleven 12, 9747 AD Groningen, The NetherlandsElizabeth HimwichCenter for the Fundamental Laws of Nature, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USALuis C. HoPaul T. P. HoInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.CMareki HonmaDepartment of Astronomical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588, JapanChih-Wei L. HuangInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.CLei 磊 Huang 黄D. H. HughesInstituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica. Apartado Postal 51 y 216, 72000. Puebla Pue., MéxicoShiro IkedaThe Institute of Statistical Mathematics, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo, 190-8562, JapanMakoto InoueInstitute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, R.O.CSara IssaounDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsD. J. JamesASTRAVEO, LLC, PO Box 1668, Gloucester, MA 01931, USABuell T. JannuziSteward Observatory and Department of Astronomy, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USAMichaël JanssenMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyBritton JeterWaterloo Centre for Astrophysics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, CanadaWu JiangAlejandra Jiménez-RosalesDepartment of Astrophysics, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The NetherlandsMichael D. JohnsonBlack Hole Initiative at Harvard University, 20 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USASvetlana G. JorstadInstitute for Astrophysical Research, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USATaehyun JungUniversity of Science and Technology, Gajeong-ro 217, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of KoreaMansour KaramiDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, CanadaR. KaruppusamyMax-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, GermanyTomohisa KawashimaInstitute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8582, JapanGarrett K. KeatingCenter for Astrophysics∣Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAMark KettenisJoint Institute for VLBI ERIC (JIVE), Oude Hoogeveensedijk 4, 7991 PD Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
2021en
ABI
Аннотация
Abstract Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations at 230 GHz have now imaged polarized emission around the supermassive black hole in M87 on event-horizon scales. This polarized synchrotron radiation probes the structure of magnetic fields and the plasma properties near the black hole. Here we compare the resolved polarization structure observed by the EHT, along with simultaneous unresolved observations with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, to expectations from theoretical models. The low fractional linear polarization in the resolved image suggests that the polarization is scrambled on scales smaller than the EHT beam, which we attribute to Faraday rotation internal to the emission region. We estimate the average density n e ∼ 10 4–7 cm −3 , magnetic field strength B ∼ 1–30 G, and electron temperature T e ∼ (1–12) × 10 10 K of the radiating plasma in a simple one-zone emission model. We show that the net azimuthal linear polarization pattern may result from organized, poloidal magnetic fields in the emission region. In a quantitative comparison with a large library of simulated polarimetric images from general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations, we identify a subset of physical models that can explain critical features of the polarimetric EHT observations while producing a relativistic jet of sufficient power. The consistent GRMHD models are all of magnetically arrested accretion disks, where near-horizon magnetic fields are dynamically important. We use the models to infer a mass accretion rate onto the black hole in M87 of (3–20) × 10 −4 M ⊙ yr −1 .
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